Analysis methods high-performance hquid chromatography

Y. Yui and C. Kawai, Comparison of the sensitivity of various post-column methods for catecholamine analysis by high-performance hquid chromatography. J. Chromatogr., 206, 586-588 (1981). 

The total phosphoms content of the sample is determined by method AOCS Ja 5-55. Analysis of phosphoUpid in lecithin concentrates (AOCS Ja 7-86) is performed by fractionation with two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography (tic) followed by acid digestion and reaction with molybdate to measure total phosphorous for each fraction at 310 nm. It is a semiquantitative method for PC, PE, PI, PA, LPC, and LPE. Method AOCS Ja 7b-91 is for the direct deterrnination of single phosphoHpids PE, PA, PI, PC in lecithin by high performance Hquid chromatography (hplc). The method is appHcable to oil-containing lecithins, deoiled lecithins, lecithin fractions, but not appHcable to lyso-PC and lyso-PE. 

Instmmental methods of analysis provide information about the specific composition and purity of the amines. QuaUtative information about the identity of the product (functional groups present) and quantitative analysis (amount of various components such as nitrile, amide, acid, and deterruination of unsaturation) can be obtained by infrared analysis. Gas chromatography (gc), with a Hquid phase of either Apiezon grease or Carbowax, and high performance Hquid chromatography (hplc), using siHca columns and solvent systems such as isooctane, methyl tert-huty ether, tetrahydrofuran, and methanol, are used for quantitative analysis of fatty amine mixtures. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (nmr), both proton ( H) and carbon-13 ( C), which can be used for quaHtative and quantitative analysis, is an important method used to analyze fatty amines (8,81). 

Mixtures can be identified with the help of computer software that subtracts the spectra of pure compounds from that of the sample. For complex mixtures, fractionation may be needed as part of the analysis. Commercial instmments are available that combine ftir, as a detector, with a separation technique such as gas chromatography (gc), high performance Hquid chromatography (hplc), or supercritical fluid chromatography (96,97). Instmments such as gc/ftir are often termed hyphenated instmments (98). Pyrolyzer (99) and thermogravimetric analysis (tga) instmmentation can also be combined with ftir for monitoring pyrolysis and oxidation processes (100) (see Analytical methods, hyphenated instruments). 

Oils are mixtures of mixed esters with different fatty acids distributed among the ester molecules. Generally, identification of specific esters is not attempted instead the oils are characterized by analysis of the fatty acid composition (8,9). The principal methods have been gas—Hquid and high performance Hquid chromatographic separation of the methyl esters of the fatty acids obtained by transesterification of the oils. Mass spectrometry and nmr are used to identify the individual esters. It has been reported that the free fatty acids obtained by hydrolysis can be separated with equal accuracy by high performance Hquid chromatography (10). A review of the identification and deterrnination of the various mixed triglycerides is available (11). 

J Bruch, E Gono, W Malkusch. B Rehn. Improved method for quantitative analysis of lung surfactant phospholipids in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids by high performance hquid chromatography. Clin Chim Acta 231 193-204, 1994. 

Lue, B.M., Guo, Z., and Xu, X. High-performance hquid chromatography analysis methods developed for quantifying enzymatic esterification of flavonoids in ionic liquids./. Chromatogr. A. 2008, 1198-1199 107-114. 

Detection methods for T-2 toxin and other Fusarium toxins have been recently reviewed (Krska et al., 2007 Ler et al., 2006). Trichothecene analysis can be done by screening methods such as thin layer chromatography (TLC) and ELISA or analytical methods such as gas chromatography (GC) and high performance hquid chromatography (HPLC). GC instrumentation has been the most frequently used method for experimental work with trichothecenes. Newer methodologies, such as GC-MS and LC-MS, have an excellent lowest level of detection (LOD) of 5 ng/g for T-2 toxin in cereals and food, and wheat flour respectively (Ler et al., 2006). Improved sensitivity for... 

Milhury, P.E. Analysis of complex mixtures of flavonoids and polyphenols hy high-performance hquid chromatography electrochemical detection methods. Methods Enzy-mol. 2001, 335, 15-26. 

Heybroek, W.M. Caulfield, M. Johnston, A. Himer, P. Automatic on-line extraction coupled with electrochemical detection as an improved method for the HPLC co-analysis of codeine and morphine in plasma and gastric juice. J.Pharm.Biomed.Anal., 1990, 8, 1021-1027 Chen, Z.R. Bochner, F. Somog3d, A. Simultaneous determination of codeine, norcodeine and morphine in biological fluids by high-performance hquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. J.Chromatogr., 1989, 491, 367-378... 

Another successful project (coordinated by the University of Plymouth, Department of Environmental Sciences, United Kingdom) was aimed at developing a novel methodology for the determination of organotins employing isotope dilution high performance hquid chromatography inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ID-HPLC-ICP-MS) [100]. The parameters for isotope dilution analysis have been studied and optimized and isotopically enriched Sn has been prepared for this purpose. The method was successfully used for the certification of TBT in CRMs 462 and 477. 

The determination of iodine in seawater helps in understanding the marine environment. A variety of analytical methods have been proposed for the quantitative determination of iodine in seawater. This chapter discusses the methods employed for the separation and determination of iodine in seawater. These methods include capillary electrophoresis (CE), ion chromatography (IC), high-performance hquid chromatography (HPLC), gas chromatography (GC), spectrophotometry, ion-selective electrode, polar-ography, voltammetry, atomic emission spectrometry (AES), and neutron activation analysis (NAA). The advantages and hmitations of these methods are also assessed and discussed. Since iodine is present in the ocean at trace levels and the matrices of seawater are complex, especially in estuarine and coastal waters, the methods developed for the... 

Huck, C.W. Bonn, G.K. Evaluation of detection methods for the reversed-phase HPLC determination of 3, 4, 5 -tri-methoxyflavone in different phytopharmaceutical products and in human serum. Phytochem. Anal. 2001,12,104—109. Huck, C.W. Huber, C.G. Ongania, K.H. Bonn, G.K. Isolation and characterization of methoxylated flavones in the flowers of Primula veris hy Uquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. A, 2000, 870,453-462. Milhury, P.E. Analysis of complex mixtures of flavonoids and polyphenols hy high-performance hquid chromatography electrochemical detection methods. Methods Enzymol. 2001, 335, 15-26. 

Aguilera-Luiz, M. M., Romero-Gonzalez, R., Plaza-Bolanos, P, Vidal, J. L. M., and Frenich, A. G. 2013. Rapid and semiautomated method for the analysis of veterinary drug residues in honey based on turbulent-flow hquid chromatography coupled to ultra high-performance hquid chromatography-orbitrap mass spectrometry (TFC-UHPLC-Orbitrap-MS). J. Agr. Food Chem. 61 829—839. 

Nowadays, interfacing separation methods such as high-performance hquid chromatography (HPLC) or CE [54] to MS is already a routine technique. MS methods based on so-called soft ionization techniques, which include fast atom bombardment, laser desorption and electrospray ionization (ESI), have allowed the analysis of biological macromolecules that in the past could have been analyzed only by extensive cleavage and derivatization. Of these methods, the two most preferred for biomolecules are ESI [55] and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization(MALDI) [56,57], for which time-of-flight (TOE) and ion trap mass analyzers are the most frequentiy used mass analysis methods. However, these methods are equally suitable for small molecules, such as metabolites or the products of organochemical reactions. 

The concentrations of the different members of a DCL depend on the physical and chemical environment of the respective system (pH, solvent, concentration of target molecules, etc.). The Ubrary composition is therefore a characteristic feature of the respective environment If the DCL composition can be transduced into a signal output, it is possible to use the DCL as a sensor. Typically, DCLs are analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy or high-performance hquid chromatography. For sensing purposes, however, faster and cheaper analysis methods such as fluorescence or ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy are preferred. These techniques can be used if the DCL is composed of compounds with different color or fluorescence properties (Figure 7.1). 

Markopoulou, C.K., Kagkadis, K.A., and Koundourellis J.E., 2002. An optimized method for the simultaneous determination of vitamins Bl, B6, B12 in multivitamin tablets by high performance hquid chromatography. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 30 1403 1410. 

Keil, K. Frerichs, VA. DiFrancesco, R. Morse, G. Reverse phase high-performance hquid chromatography method for the analysis of amprenavir, efavirenz, indinavir, lopinavir, nelfinavir and its active metabohte (M8), ritonavir, and saquinavir in heparinized human plasma, Ther.Drug Monit., 2003,25, 340-346. [LOQ 100 ng/mL]... 

Ohtakara, A., Mitsutomi, M. Analysis of chitooligosaccharides and reduced chitooligosac-charides by high-performance hquid chromatography. Methods Enzymol 1988, 161, 453 57. 

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