Analysis ciguatoxin

The analysis of fish tissues for ciguatoxin by a newly developed enzyme-immunoassay procedure (26, 27) has been carried out in this study. Three areas of examinations have been attempted (1) the examination of clinically defined and documented and non-toxic consumed fish samples (2) the assessment of freshly caught fishes from the sites in the Leeward part of the island of Oahu where ciguatoxin is found and (3) competitive inhibition with suspension of purified ciguatoxin and closely related structurally similar polyether toxins. 

G. to V j that produces ciguatoxin precursors (142—147) and maitotoxin (148). The absolute stereochemistry of gambieric acids A-D (149-152) were assigned by the modified Mosher s method, conformational analysis based on J values and NOE correlations, chiral fluorimetric HPLC analysis, and synthesis of A/B-ring models of gambieric acids A-D (149-152). ... 

The scarcity of purified ciguatoxin standards and the challenging nature of analyses for ciguatoxins in fish tissues precluded development or adoption of ciguatoxin methods in most laboratories. While many are certainly capable, only a few laboratories have produced the necessary standards and sustained support required for development and routine application of screening assays and confirmatory analyses for ciguatera toxins. Protocols for in vitro assay and LC-MS/MS analysis of fish tissues have been developed in U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) laboratories. Laboratories in Japan (T. Yasumoto) and Australia (R. Lewis) use similar protocols that predate those in the United States. 

Gawley, R. E., Rein, K. S., Kinoshita, M. et al.. Binding of brevetoxins and ciguatoxin to the voltage-sensitive sodium channel and conformational analysis of brevetoxin B, Toxicon 30, 780, 1992. 

Campora, C.E., Hokama, Y. and Ebesu, J.S., Comparative analysis of purified Pacific and Caribbean ciguatoxin congeners and related marine toxins using a modified ELISA technique, J. Clin. Lab. Anal., 20, 121, 2006. 

Hokama (2003). Hokama Y, Uto GA, Palafox NA, et al. Chronic phase lipids in sera of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), chronic ciguatera fish poisoning (CCFP), hepatitis B, and cancer with antigenic epitope resembling ciguatoxin, as assessed with MAb-CTX. J Clin Lab Analysis 2003 17 132-139. 

Hoffman et al. (1983) constructed a dose-response curve for purified ciguatoxin obtained from toxic blackfin snapper collected from the Virgin Islands. A m-ptomatological analysis was reported that would facilitate the comparison among reports on ciguatera research. The mouse bioassay has been used extensively in the Pacific and is described in detail by Yasumoto et al. (1984). 

Hoffman PA, Granade HR, McMillan JP (1983) The mouse ciguatoxin bioassay A dose response curve and symptomatology analysis. Toxicon 21(3) 363-369. 

Vemoux JP, Lahlou N (1986) The chick ciguatoxin bioassay A symptomatology and sensitive analysis. Bull Soc Path Ex 79 140-146. 

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