Ciguatera toxin

Hokama, Y., et al., A survey of ciguatera assessments of Puako, Hawaii, associated with ciguatera toxin epidemics in humans, J. Clin. Lab. Anal., 1, 147, 1993. 

To isolate quantities of ciguatera toxin(s) from fish and dinoflagellate cultures. 

A toxicant worthy of note is one which occurs primarily in Caribbean fishes and is known as ciguatera toxin. As many as three hundred t pes of fishes from the Caribbean and equatorial regions of the Pacific Ocean have been found to contain this toxin (15). 

DOORENBOS Ciguatera Toxins Where Do We Go from Here ... 

LEGRAND AND BAGNis Mode of Action of Ciguatera Toxins... 

The occurrence of 12 and 13 in fish but not in G. toxicus implies that CTX-3C 14 produced by this dinoflagellate was oxidized in fish to 12 and 13, supporting the theory for oxidative modification of ciguatera toxins during the food chain transmission. 

Estacion, M. 2000. In Ciguatera Toxins Mechanism of Action and Pharmacology of Maitotoxin, ed. L.M. Botana, pp. 473-503. 

Ciguatera, caused by ingested ciguatoxins and maitotoxins, can reportedly be sexually transmitted. There are also reports of acute health effects of ciguatera toxin in the fetus and newborn child exposed through placental and breast milk transmission from the mother. 

Stommel EW, Parsonnet J, Jenkyn LR. Polymyositis after ciguatera toxin exposure. Arch Neurol 48 874-877, 1991. 

Cruz-Rivera, E. and Villareal, T.A. Macroalgal palatabUity and the flux of ciguatera toxins through marine food webs, Harmful Algae, 5,497-525, 2006. 

Lewis, R.J., Molgo, J., and Adams, D.J. Ciguatera Toxins Pharmacology of toxins involved in ciguatera and related fish poisonings, in Seafood and Freshwater Toxins Pharmacology, Physiology and Detection, Botana, L.M. Ed., Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, 2000, pp. 419-448. 

Sperr, A.E. and Doucette, G.J. Variation in growth rate and ciguatera toxin production among geographically distinct isolates of Gambierdiscus toxicus, in Harmful and Toxic Algal Blooms, Yasumoto, T., Oshima, Y. and Eukuyo, Y. Eds., l.O.C. of UNESCO, 1996, pp. 309-312. 

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