Analysis of Water Samples

Harrison (1990) proposed that the diagenetic alteration observed in the Latrobe group resulted from the mixing within the formation of two types of groundwaters. Table 25.1 shows analyses of waters sampled from two oil wells, which she took to be representative of the two water types as they exist in the producing areas of the basin. 

Figures. Analyses of water samples from Cambric, Zone II (1)...

Indicative polarographic waves on polarograms have been noted in an area where industrial contamination includes sulphuric acid. By means of correlation with chemical analyses of water samples, it was established that these are waves of U02, V02, Fe and Mn (Fig. 2-55). It is necessary to point out that concentrations of iron and manganese in the industrial effluent are tens to hundreds of times higher than concentrations in natural waters. 

The data presented in this paper are based on analyses of water samples collected in the Large Aral Sea from inflatable motor boats during the nine field surveys of 2002-2008. The sampling areas are depicted in Fig. 1. Sampling was carried out in the western basin sampling area repeatedly every year, while the northeastern area... 

The present study is focussed on screening analyses of water samples which were taken from the longitudinal section of a river. A selection of the identified compounds is presented here as well as available information about their natural occurrence and/or industrial application. Some contaminants of special interest are discussed in detail. Besides, in order to reconstruct input pathways of frequently detected compounds... 

Advances in analytical techniques allowed the identification of the toxins (see below) in the 1980s and subsequent routine analyses of water samples showed that cyanobacterial hepatotoxins are likely to be detected in any water body carrying a cyanobacterial bloom. 

Preparation of soil—sediment of water samples for herbicide analysis generally has consisted of solvent extraction of the sample, followed by cleanup of the extract through Uquid—Uquid or column chromatography, and finally, concentration through evaporation (285). This complex but necessary series of procedures is time-consuming and is responsible for the high cost of herbicide analyses. The advent of soUd-phase extraction techniques in which the sample is simultaneously cleaned up and concentrated has condensed these steps and thus gready simplified sample preparation (286). 

In the last several years, on-line extraction systems have become a popular way to deal with the analysis of large numbers of water samples. Vacuum manifolds and computerized SPE stations were all considered to be off-line systems, i.e., the tubes had to be placed in the system rack and the sample eluate collected in a test-tube or other appropriate vessel. Then, the eluted sample had to be collected and the extract concentrated and eventually transferred to an autosampler vial for instrumental analyses. Robotics systems were designed to aid in these steps of sample preparation, but some manual sample manipulation was still required. Operation and programming of the robotic system could be cumbersome and time consuming when changing methods. 

BHA, BHT, PG, TBHQ and tocopherols) a variety of stationary phases, mobile phases and detectors can be used [711]. Common antibacterials such as carba-dox, thiamphenicol, furazolidone, oxolinic acid, sul-fadimethoxine, sulfaquinoxaline, nalidixic and piromidic acid can be analysed by GE-RPLC-UV (at 254 nm). Collaborative studies have been reported for the HPLC determination of the antimicrobial sodium benzoate in aqueous solutions [712], Plastics devices used for field collection of water samples may contain polymer additives (such as resorcinol monobenzoate, 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone or bisphenol A) or cyanobac-terial microcystins [713],... 

In municipalities where the water supplies are from deep-bored wells, samples of household water were collected for Rn-222 analyses. The water samples were analysed by liquid scintillation counting. The method for sampling and sample preparation were adopted from Partridge et al (1979). 

The effect of storage of water samples before determination of nitrogen and carbon associated with particulate matter was investigated. Freezing of the samples, and storage at 5°C, both affected the results obtained, but changes were minimized if the samples were filtered immediately after collection and the particulate matter stored on the filter paper. It is recommended that samples for determination of particulate carbon and nitrogen should be filtered immediately, and analysed as soon as possible. 

Recoveries for soil and water samples spiked individually with the six commercial formulations at the 0.4 and 0.02% levels were 96 and 97%, respectively. Comparable recovery efficiencies were obtained for mixures of the pesticides. In addition, the ability to account for all the deposited pesticides in the analyses of the samples taken from the containers prior to any degradations was validation for the effectiveness of the extraction procedures. 

Physical and chemical analyses of the samples were made in order to interpret the results of the sorption experiments and to provide basic data for the calculation of mass transfer which occurred in the rock dissolution experiment. Cores, 3.2 cm in diameter, were taken from each of the rock samples and sectioned in tap water for subsequent analyses (Figure 1). 

For liquid or solid samples more complex than water, a combination of techniques is commonly required. Certainly a first step involves a need to obtain the components of interest in a solution phase. This may either involve leaching of a solid or extraction of a liquid sample with or without concurrent concentration. If the components of interest are then obtained in a water system, the techniques applicable to water analyses are immediately available. Conversely, if the extraction is into a non-miscible organic solvent and the components sought can be reextracted into water by appropriate choice of pH, then again the techniques of water sample processing can be used. 

Zooplankton population samples for isotope analysis were composites of 50-200 individuals. Population samples are less variable in isotope composition than are samples of individuals. Replicate isotope analyses of composite samples of zooplankton or POM collected at different locations within the lake varied by no more than 0.5%. Larger organisms such as molluscs, insects, and fish were analyzed individually. Molluscs were soaked in dilute HCl to remove carbonates and then rinsed copiously with distilled water. Fish muscle was analyzed. Sediment trap material was collected in replicate cylinders (11.4-cm diameter, 76.2-cm length) suspended at 4.5-m depth. All isotope samples were dried at 60 °C before analysis. 

LAB 111 Laboratory for analysis of filtered and acidified water samples and for XRF analyses of soil samples. Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources, BGR, Germany. 

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