Analogs, patentability

Somewhat analogous to these rice products is Oatrim, a material based on oat flour. It was developed at the Northern Laboratory of the USDA and is offered commercially by several firms. Oatrim contains 5% proteia, 5% P-glucan, 2% pentosans, and 83% maltodextrias. Unique properties are claimed based on the P-glucan component, and preparation of Oatrim is disclosed ia USDA pubHcations and patents. Briefly, oat flour is broken down by a-amylase, then the water-soluble component is dried and is the product of commerce, aimed at ground meat product usage. 

The final section of an issued patent is the claims, S. A United States patent is requited bylaw to have at least one claim. The claims lepiesent the legal definition and boundaries of the rights resulting from the patent grant. Patent claims are analogous to the legal description which one might find on a tide to real estate. 

Synthesis. Exploratory research has produced a wide variety of odorants based on natural stmctures, chemicals analogous to naturals, and synthetic materials derived from available raw materials and economical processing. As in most areas of the chemical industry, the search for new and useful substances is made difficult by the many materials that have been patented and successfully commercialized (4). In the search for new aroma chemicals, many new materials are prepared for screening each year. Chemists who perform this work are involved in a creative exercise that takes its direction from the commercial sector in terms of desirable odor types and specific performance needs. Because of economic limitations, considerations of raw material costs and available processing methods may play a role eady in the exploratory work. 

The first elaboration of crowns deliberately into sulfur-containing analogs seems to have been conducted by Pedersen . The first of these efforts was directed at incorporating sulfur in complexes of macrocyclic polyethers. Inclusion of sulfur as a portion of ring system 5 was also accomplished as shown in Eq. (6.4) and is reported in a patent which issued before the latter, but was actually filed after it. We note... 

The analogous 6-methyl derivative (126) was prepared by the same authors from 6-methyl-3,6-dithioxo derivative (123) as the corresponding monothioxo derivative is not easily available. Even here the substitution with ammonia took place selectively in position 4 (124) and the remaining sulfur atom was replaced with oxygen by oxidation with alkaline potassium permanganate (125). A similar procedure is protected by a patent. ... 

Pyrryl)selenazole is protected for the same purpose, by another patent. This is stated to be prepared from 2-chloroacetyl-pyrrole with selenoamides by analogy with the corresponding thiazole. No concrete example of the reaction is given. 

Amino-5-bromoselenazole is mentioned in a patent without further details. It is stated to be a starting material for pharmaceutical products. In analogy to the corresponding thiazole compounds, it is stated to be prepared by heating 2-aminoselenazole in aqueous hydrobromic acid under reflux and slow addition of an equivalent amount of bromine. 

The preparation of the pyridyl analogs of the imida2olyl compounds of the type of cimeti-dine are discussed in the patent cited below. 

A polymer-bound analog of the p-sulfonato-calix[6]arenes is described in a Shinkai patent [31,32], which states that the hexakis(carbetoxymethyl)ether of p-sulfonatocalix[6]arene was partially nitrated, ami-nated, and fixed on crosslinked chloromethylated polystyrene. This resin is stated to absorb 108 ixg of uranium... 

In analogy to the well-known condensation products of fatty acids with protein hydrolysates, a patent has also been initiated for the condensation products of ether carboxylic acids and protein hydrolysates [43]. They are made by converting the ether carboxylic acids with thionyl chloride (SOCl2) to the corresponding acid chlorides followed by the condensation with a protein hydrolysate. 

One might also draw attention to an analogous behavior apparently observed with silver. In two patents (176, 177) finely divided silver metal is observed to dissolve in liquid alkyl and aryl isocyanides to homogeneous solutions containing up to about 10% metal (by weight). These solutions conduct an electric current. On evaporation metallic silver is deposited. 

Amination of Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Heterocyclic Analogs Thereof , WO patent 0069804, to Bayer, 2000. 

Patent literature reports on the analogous resolutions of phosphinotricin using, among others, penicillin G-acylase, penicillin G-amidase, subtilisin or microorganisms such as Enterobacter aerogenes, Klebsiella oxytoca, Corynebac-terium sp., Rhodococcus rubropertinctus and others7°... 

In the late 1940s zeolites were synthesized according to the procedure shown in Fig. 3.24. First an amorphous alumino-silicate gel is formed. This process is completely analogous to the production of alumina and silica gels described before. Subsequently this gel is crystallized into zeolite. The preparation of zeolites has drawn tremendous attention of the scientific and industrial community. A wide variety of zeolites have been synthesized, and reproducible synthesis procedures have been reported (often in the patent literature). Natural zeolites also exist massive deposits have been discovered in many places in the world. 

V. Barlet-Gouedard and P. Maroy. Cementing compositions and application thereof to cementing oil or analogous wells. Patent WO 9901397,1999. 

The Australian patents also contain descriptions of analogs, which include nitro-phenyl thiophosphates possessing more than one nitro group. Many of the analogs are biologically active, and several exhibit high activities comparable with parathion. The o-nitrophenyl isomer, which is present to some extent in crude parathion, is substantially less active than the p-nitrophenyl isomer (parathion itself). These patents disclose a synergistic effect of the ortho isomer with parathion. 

US patent 6,689,802, Polymorphs of an epothilone analog [100]. This invention describes two crystalline polymorphs, as well as mixtures of these, of an epothilone analog. Also provided are methods of forming the novel polymorphs, therapeutic methods utilizing them, and pharmaceutical dosage forms containing them. 

Several patent applications claiming a class of inhibitors derived from the DA transporter (DAT) inhibitor methylphenidate (12) have been published [48-50], A variety of structural modifications represented by analogs 13-15 have been claimed and pharmacological data has been reported for analog SSR-504734 (13) [51-53]. 

Quinoline-derived GlyT-1 inhibitors, represented by analog 48, have also been claimed in published patent applications [90]. Functional IC50 data has been provided for several examples, with values ranging between 10 and 1000 nM. 

Anthranilide derivatives in which an aryl group was directly connected to the anthranilide unit were also reported [63]. Similarly, anthra-nilides connected to a five-membered heterocycle such as thiazole, thiophene, or pyrazole were also covered by the patent literature [64]. Representative examples of these two classes are analogs 16 and 17. 

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