An Actual Example

The theory of the process is as follows. This is a case of fractional precipitation (Section 2.8), the two sparingly soluble salts being silver chloride (Xsol 1.2 x 10 10) and silver chromate (Kso] 1.7 x 10 12). It is best studied by considering an actual example encountered in practice, viz. the titration of, say, 0.1M sodium chloride with 0.1M silver nitrate in the presence of a few millilitres of dilute potassium chromate solution. Silver chloride is the less soluble salt and the initial chloride concentration is high hence silver chloride will be precipitated. At the first point where red silver chromate is just precipitated both salts will be in equilibrium with the solution. Hence ... 

In this study the reader is introduced to the procedures to be followed in entering parameters into the CA program. For this study we will keep Pm = 1.0. We will first carry out 10 runs of 60 iterations each. The exercise described above will be translated into an actual example using the directions in Chapter 10. After the 10-run simulation is completed, determine (x)6o, y)60, and d )6o, along with their respective standard deviations. Do the results of this small sample bear out the expectations presented above Next, plot d ) versus y/n for = 0, 10,20, 30,40, 50, and 60 iterations. What kind of a plot do you get Determine the trendline equation (showing the slope and y-intercept) and the coefficient of determination (the fraction of the variance accounted for by the model) for this study. Repeat this process using 100 runs. Note that the slope of the trendline should correspond approximately to the step size, 5=1, and the y-intercept should be approximately zero. 

The next example, shown in Fig. 4.6a, is the amusing consequence of continually increasing the concentration of background salt (beyond its aqueous solubility—just to make the point) to the shape of log /J/pH profile for acebutolol (whose normal 0.15 M salt curve [362] is indicated by the thick line in Fig. 4.6a). The base-like (cf. Fig. 4.3a) lipophilicity curve shape at low levels of salt can become an acid-like shape (cf. Fig. 4.2a) at high levels of salt An actual example of a dramatic reversal of character is the ionophore monensin, which has a log P (in a background of Na+) 0.5 greater than logP [276,281]. 

Initially, chiral stationary phases for chiral liquid chromatography were designed for preparative purposes, mostly based on the concept of three-point recognition .47 Pirkle and other scientists48 developed a series of chiral stationary phases that usually contain an aryl-substituted chiral compound connected to silica gel through a spacer. Figure 1-14 depicts the general concept and an actual example of such a chiral stationary phase. 

The general shape of the growth of CD films as a function of time is often similar for the cluster mechanism as for the ion-by-ion mechanism (Fig. 2.4). Figure 3.4 shows an actual example of CdSe deposition from a solution (containing nitrilo-... 

Could you give an actual example of a F [Card response, class B]... 

Exhibit 3-5 shows an actual example of a functional resume, in part. 

The value of these charts, in showing what adjustments of atomic parameters will increase or decrease the structure amplitude, has already been mentioned. To this little need be added except a suggestion on procedure in dealing with several independent reference atoms simultaneously. This is best explained by an actual example. In attempting to find the x and y coordinates of the atoms in the hkO projection of polychloroprene (Bunn, 1942 a) a particular set of postulated coordinates... 

A metabolite acting as an allosteric effector turns on an enzyme that either acts directly on that metabolite or acts on a product that lies further ahead in the sequence. For example, in Fig. 11-1, metabolite C activates the enzyme that catalyzes an essentially irreversible reaction of compound D. An actual example is provided by glycogen synthase, whose inactive "dependent" or D form is activated allosterically by the glycogen precursor glucose 6-phosphate.39 See also phosphorylase kinase (Section 2). 

Figure 7-29. The generic features needed in a molecular thread designed to give structures such as 7.47, and an actual example of such a ligand, 7.48. A variety of spacer groups may be incorporated between the metal-binding domains.

An example of this case is a vinyl (A2 ) - divinyl (A4) polymerization. The assumption of an ideal polymerization means that we consider equal initial reactivities, absence of substitution effects, no intramolecular cycles in finite species, and no phase separation in polymer- and monomer-rich phases. These restrictions are so strong that it is almost impossible to give an actual example of a system exhibiting an ideal behavior. An A2 + A4 copolymerization with a very low concentration of A4 may exhibit a behavior that is close to the ideal one. But, in any case, the example developed in this section will show some of the characteristic features of network formation by a chainwise polymerization. 

Clearly, it is a mass-action phenomenon and the only selection that can occur in such a solution is the fit of specific groups to build larger molecules. In this way the bonding orbitals, the direction and strength as well as their sensitivity to competing reactions, cause the buildup of more complex molecules if reaction conditions favor such a development. In Figure 4.5 the concept is illustrated by an actual example of a radiation-driven, nonbiological series of reactions that ends in the formation of proto-porphyrin. 

Generally scientists involved in method development are not the same individuals who will ultimately use the method on a day-to-day basis. As listed in steps 5, 6, and 8 of Table 5, it is quite necessary to consider the analysts who will ultimately be called upon to use the method as well as the equipment and instrumentation in the laboratory. Methods that are destined for the QC laboratory should, when possible, utilize standard laboratory equipment, be independent of the technician performing it, and be easily transferable. The following is an actual example of a method that was developed without consideration of the aforementioned concerns. 

The Purdue case can be described as a failed attempt to claim a broader generic relationship from specific examples described in the specification. The desire to claim subject matter broader then what is supported in the specification can also occur in cases that are more chemical in substance. In particular, one can envision different scenarios where an applicant describes specific examples of a process, a molecule, or a composition. In the case of a process where an actual example is provided, several variables (reaction time, temperature, solvent volume, etc.) will be set to specific values, the values that the process was actually conducted at. However, absent additional language in the original specification (including the originally filed... 

Fig. 2a shows an actual example of a polarogram run on a microscale (oxidation of anisole in acetic acid/sodium acetate) and on a macroscale (oxidation of durene in acetonitrile/sodium perchlorate). In the latter case the substrate concentration is too high for the plateau value to be reached. 

While h is quite small in the macroscopic world, it is not at all insignificant when the particle under consideration is of subatomic scale. Let us use an actual example to illustrate this point. Suppose the Ax of an electron is 10-14 m, or 0.01 pm. Then, with eq. (1.2.1), we get Apx = 5.27 x 10-21 kg m s-1. This uncertainty in momentum would be quite small in the macroscopic world. However, for subatomic particles such as an electron, with mass of 9.11 x 10-31 kg, such an uncertainty would not be negligible at all. Hence, on the basis of the Uncertainty Principle, we can no longer say that an electron is precisely located at this point with an exactly known velocity. It should be stressed that the uncertainties we are discussing here have nothing to do with the imperfection of the measuring instruments. Rather, they are inherent indeterminacies. If we recall the Bohr theory of the hydrogen atom, we find that both the radius of the orbit and the velocity of the electron can be precisely calculated. Hence the Bohr results violate the Uncertainty Principle. 

A modification of the HSAB approach was first explained by C. K. Jprgensen. We will consider an actual example to make this idea clear. The Co3+ ion is a hard Lewis acid. However, when Co3+ is bonded to five cyanide ions, a more stable complex results when the sixth group is iodide than when it is fluoride. On other words, [Co(CN)5I]3 is stable, whereas [Co(CN)5F]3 is not. At first this seems like a contradiction that the soft I- bonds more strongly to the hard acid, Co3+. However, the five CN- ions have made the Co3+ in the complex much softer than an isolated Co3+ ion. Thus, when five CFT ions are attached, the cobalt ion behaves as a soft acid. This effect is known as the symbiotic effect, and it indicates that whether a species appears to be hard or soft depends on the other groups attached and their character. 

The transport phenomena of mass, heat or momentum, are characterized by an assembly of general equations which can be easily particularized. Each particularization of these equations to an actual example defines the mathematical model of the example. 

An Actual Example of the Calculation of the Confidence Interval for the Variance... 

The purpose of this section is to show the calculation of the confidence interval for the variance in an actual example. The statistical data used for this example are given in Table 5.3. In this table, the statistically measured real input concentrations and the associated output reactant transformation degrees are given for five proposed concentrations of the limiting reactant in the reactor feed. Table 5.3 also contains the values of the computed variances for each statistical selection. The confidence interval for each mean value from Table 5.3 has to be calculated according to the procedure established in steps 6-10 from the algorithm shown in Section 5.2.2.1. In this example, the number of measurements for each experiment is small, thus the estimation of the mean value is difficult. Therefore, we... 

Pharmaceutical and healthcare companies should beware of persistent regulatory noncompliance. We hesitate to cite an actual example, but the lesson is of such importance and the data so clear that the entire industry must heed the warnings of its own history. Between 1993 and 1999, for instance, Abbott Laboratories failed to comply with the FDA s GMP and Quality System (QS) regulations. Despite formal Warning Letters from the FDA issued in 1993, 1997, and 1999, the company failed to correct the problems. The deficiencies identified by the FDA are listed in Table 1.3 and can be summarized under four main topics ... 

An actual example of a reaction of the type given by Eq. 55K is the oxidation of p-aminophenol (PAP) to p-quinoneimide (PQI)> which is subsequently hydrolyzed to p-benzoquinone (PBQ) ... 

If the whole experiment has been performed with reasonable accuracy, it will also be found that (4) the ratio of the neutralizing power of the two alkalies is the same for both acids. An actual example will make this point clear. A student found that the ratio of the alkalies in the case of one acid was 11.7 19.5, and in the case of the other acid... 

The calculation of the affinity is simple when the reacting substances are gases. We shall again illustrate the derivation of the equations by an actual example. Let us calculate the affinity between sulphur dioxide and oxygen tending to cause the combination of these two gases to sulphur trioxide. It is sufficient for this purpose to calculate the work which 2 mols. of SO2 and I mol. of Og would yield by combining at constant temperature in any reversible manner. We know from the... 

W(N2)2(dppe)2(dppe) = 1, 2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane [1]. This molecule is distorted along 13 normal modes caused by a metal to dppe charge transfer transition. It provides a good example of the use of the time-dependent theory to calculate distortions from an emission spectrum. It shows an actual example of the effect of small A s on the overall shape of the spectrum (see Section IIl.E.l). It also provides a dramatic illustration of how the temperature and the medium surrounding the molecule affect the resolution and hence the interpretation. 

An actual example of an extended application with technological potential is the organic and non-volatile memory, based on an OFET. The main advantage of a non-volatile memory is that its information is maintained during the readout procedure (non-destructive readout, NDRO). A ferroelectric polymer is introduced as a dielectric layer in the OFET. Due to the ferroelectric alignment of dipoles the threshold voltage of the transistor is affected by their dipole moments and can be used as stored information. 

As an actual example of such a system with one degree of freedom, in the quantum theory, we consider the harmonic oscillator, the wave equation for which we have already given above (p. 123). Its solution is dealt with in Appendix XVI (p. 295). Instead of Planck s energy levels E — nhv, wave mechanics, exactly like matrix mechanics (see Appendix XV, p. 291), gives the energy terms... 

Concentrated oxidizing acids (sulfuric, perchloric or nitric acid, or mixtures thereof) are also suitable to oxidize noncovered as well as prefunctionahzed diamond materials. Both hydroxylated and carboxylated surfaces can be generated this way. However, characterizing exactly the kind of carbonyl function with either XPS or IR-spectroscopy is rather complicated. An actual example is the reaction with so-called piranha water, that is, a mixture of concentrated sulfuric acid and... 

---