Amperometric biosensor based on carbon

The amperometric biosensor based on carbon paste electrode ensures proximity at the molecular level between the catalytic and electrochemical sites because the carbon electrode is both the biocatalytic phase and the electrode sensor (Table 17.2). The tissue containing carbon paste can be incorporated in various electrode configurations and these have very rapid response times, extended lifetimes, high rigidity, mechanical stability and very low cost. 

A different approach was used to prepare amperometric biosensors based on carbon paste electrodes modified with bionanocomposite materials. Electrodes were modified by depositing AuNPs on the surface from a HAuCLi solution, at constant potential. This was followed by electrodeposition of CdS quantum dots, and casting an ionic liquid/hemoglobin mixture on the top. The high stability of this electrode as a biosensor for H2O2 was attributed to synergistic effects of AuNPs, CdS QDs... 

S.amperometric biosensor based on carbon fiber microelectrodes modified... 

Amperometric biosensor based on carbon fiber microelectrodes, modification with alkaline phosphatase, 238-239 Anion chemical sensing, pyrophosphate, 315-317,318 319/... 

A.A. Ciucu, C. Negulescu, and R.P. Baldwin, Detection of pesticides using an amperometric biosensor based on ferophthalocyanine chemically modified carbon paste electrode and immobilized bienzymatic system. Biosens. Bioelectron. 18, 303-310 (2003). 

P.P. Joshi, S.A. Merchant, Y. Wang, and D.W. Schmidtke, Amperometric biosensors based on redox polymer-carbon nanotube-enzyme composites. Anal. Chem. 77, 3183—3188 (2005). 

Xu JZ, Zhu JJ, Wu Q, Hu Z, Chen HY (2003) An amperometric biosensor based on the coimmobilization of horseradish peroxidase and methylene blue on a carbon nanotubes modified electrode. Electroanalysis 15 219-224. 

Q. Yao, S. Yabuki and F. Mizutani, Preparation of a carbon paste/alcohol dehydrogenase electrode using polyethylene glycol-modified enzyme and oil-soluble mediator, Sens. Actuators B Chem., 65(1-3) (2000) 147-149. A. Morales, F. Cespedes, E. Martinez-Fabregas and S. Alegret, Ethanol amperometric biosensor based on an alcohol oxidase-graphite-polymer biocomposite, Electrochim. Acta, 43(23) (1998) 3575-3579. 

An amperometric biosensor for trans-resveratrol determination in aqueous solutions by means of carbon paste electrodes modified with peroxidase basic isoenzymes (PBIs) from Brassica napus was developed [182]. Catalytic properties of PBIs from Brassica napus toward trows-resveratrol oxidation were demonstrated by conventional UV-vis spectroscopic measurements. The enzymatic reaction rate was studied and kinetics parameters were detected. An amperometric biosensor based on Brassica... 

A reagentless amperometric alcohol biosensor based on carbon-nanotube/teflon composite electrodes. Anal Lett., 36 (9), 2041-2048. 

Tsai Y-C, Chen S-Y, Lee C-A (2008) Amperometric cholesterol biosensors based on carbon nanotube-chitosan-platinum-cholesterol oxidase nanobiocomposite. Sens Actuators B Chem 135(1) 96-101... 

Mathematical modeling of biosensors has been successfully used to investigate the kinetic peculiarities of the biosensor action. The numerical simulation became a powerful framework for numerical investigation of the impact of model parameters on the biosensor action and to optimize the biosensor configuration [7]. Recently, the computational modeling of the laccase-based biosensor qualitatively explained and confirmed the experimentally observed synergistic effect of the mediator on the biosensor response [21]. The numerical simulation of an amperometric biosensor based on an enzyme-loaded carbon nanotube (CNT) layer deposited on a perforated membrane highlighted the dependence of the steady-state biosensor current on the anisotropic properties of CNT. It was also shown that the sensitivity of the biosensors... 

Monoamine oxidase amperometric biosensor based on SPE were also modified with MWCNT by using the drop casting technique for the determination of antidepressants in model solutions and dosage forms. The authors used BSA protein which provided a matrix for the immobilization of the enzyme and protection of the enzyme activity when glutaraldehyde is used as a linker. Serafin et aZ. developed a label free dual immunosensor for the determination of human growth and prolactin hormones. The electrochemical immunosensor was based on CNT modify carbon SPE platform with the presence of poly(ethylene-dioxythiophene) (PEDOT) and gold nanoparticles. Again, the hybrid nano-material composite facilitated a proper immobilization of the antibody on the electrode matrix. 

Chawla, S., Rawal, R., Sharma, S. and Pundir, C.S. (2012) An amperometric biosensor based on laccase immobihzed onto nickel nanoparticles/carboxylated multiwalled carbon nanotubes/polyaniline modified gold electrode for determination of phenolic content in fmit juices. Biochem. Eng. J., 68,76-84. 

Joshi PP, Merchant SA, Wang Y, Schmidtke DW. Amperometric biosensors based on redox polymer-carbon nanombe nzyme composites. Anal Chem 2005 77 3183-3188. 

Enzyme-based biosensors have been used also for the detection of phenolic estrogens. The detection principle was based on the ability of tyrosinase to catalyze the oxidation of phenolic estrogens to o-diphenol and o-quinone. Using this principle tyrosinase-carbon paste electrodes have been used for the detection of phenol, catechol, bisphenol A, genistein, quercetin, nonylphenol, and diethylstilbestrol with detection levels in the micromolar range.Optical and amperometric biosensors based on estrogen receptors have also been developed. 

Direct, sensitive, selective, and rapid biosensors have been developed based on OPH, organophosphoms acid hydrolase (OPAA), and parathion hydrolase (PH). Schoning and co-workers developed a silicon-based capacitive field-effect pH sensor, which can detect 2 pM of paraoxon. " The same group prepared ampero-metric and potentiometric biosensor chips by thin-film techniques and integrated them in a flow-injection analysis (ElA) system, which can detect different OP pesticides at the low pM concentration range.Recently, mesoporous carbon and carbon black-modified electrodes have been used to develop an amperometric biosensor based on OPH. With increased sensitivity, the biosensor can detect as low as 0.12 pM (36 ppb) paraoxon. ... 

Ivanov Y, Marinov I, Gahrovska K, Dimcheva N, Godjevargova T (2010) Amperometric biosensor based on a site-specific immobilizatimi of acetylcholinesterase via affinity bmids on a nanostructured polymer membrane with integrated multiwall carbon nanotubes. J Mol Catal B-Enzym 63(3-4) 141-148. doi 10.1016/j.molcatb.2010.01.005... 

A choline amperometric biosensor based on screen-printed configuration, immobilized by adsorption from aqueous solution on the surface of ruthenium-activated carbon electrodes, was assembled and used to assess the inhibitory effect of organophosphoms and carbamic pesticides on acetylcholinesterase activity both... 

H. Tang, J. Chen, S. Yao, L. Nie, G. Deng, and Y. Kuang, Amperometric glucose biosensor based on adsorption of glucose oxidase at platinum nanoparticle-modified carbon nanotube electrode. Anal. Biochem. 331, 89-97 (2004). 

X.C. Tan, MJ. Li, RX. Cai, LJ. Luo, and X.Y. Zou, An amperometric cholesterol biosensor based on multiwalled carbon nanotubes and organically modified sol-gel/chitosan hybrid composite film. Anal. Biochem. 337, 111-120 (2005). 

P.A. Paredes, J. Parellada, V.M. Fernandez, I. Katakis and E. Dominguez, Amperometric mediated carbon paste biosensor based on D-fructose dehydrogenase for the determination of fructose in food analysis, Biosens. Bioelectron., 12(12) (1998) 1233-1243. 

S.L. Alvarez-Crespo, M.J. Lobo-Castanon, A.J. Miranda-Ordieres and P. Tunon-Blanco, Amperometric glutamate biosensor based on poly(o-phenylenediamine) film electrogenerated onto modified carbon paste electrodes, Biosens. Bioelectron., 12(8) (1997) 739-747. 

Liu, G., Lin, Y. (2006). Biosensor based on self-assembling acetylcholinesterase on carbon nanotubes for flow injection/ amperometric detection of organophosphate pesticides and nerve agents. Anal. Chem. 78 835 3. 

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