Glutamate biosensor

S.L. Alvarez-Crespo, M.J. Lobo-Castanon, A.J. Miranda-Ordieres and P. Tunon-Blanco, Amperometric glutamate biosensor based on poly(o-phenylenediamine) film electrogenerated onto modified carbon paste electrodes, Biosens. Bioelectron., 12(8) (1997) 739-747. 

X.L., and Li, C.Z. (2007) Amperometric glutamate biosensor based on selfassembling glutamate dehydrogenase and dendrimer-encapsulated platinum nanoparticles onto carbon nanombes. Talanta, 73, 438 43. 

Fig. 4 Photograph of an integrated biosensor with laminated microfluidic. At top of the glucose-lactate-glutamate biosensor chip the mixing structure can be seen...

A wide variety of biosensors can be developed by coupling selective dehydrogenase enzymes with the HAD FMH oxidoreductase and bacterial luciferase system. An example is a glutamate biosensor based on the following reaction scheme ... 

Figure 8 shows a preliminary response curve for a glutamate biosensor. For this sensor, glutamate dehydrogenase has been added to the biocatalytic layer in a sensor like that shown in Figure 6. 

An increase in the light intensity is measured with an increase in the glutamate concentration. For both the NADH and glutamate biosensors, steady-state signals are obtained and the response times are between 1 and 2 minutes. 

Beyene, N.W., Moderegger, H., and Kalcher, K. (2003) A stable glutamate biosensor based on MnOj bulk-modified screen-printed carbon electrode and Nafion film-immobilized glutamate oxidase. S. Afr. J. Chem., 56, 54- 59. 

Glutamate biosensors based on glutamate dehydrogenase enzyme (GLDH) immobilised on VACNT have been developed by Gholizadeh et In their first work, a direct immobilisation of GLDH on a... 

Batra, B., Kumari, S., Pundir, C.S. Construction of glutamate biosensor based on covalent immobUization of glutamate oxidase on polypyrrole nanopaiticles/polyanUme modified gold electrode. Enzym. Microbial Technol. 57,69-77 (2014)... 

Gholizadeh, A., Shahrokhian, S., Iraji zad, A. et al. 2012. Fabrication of sensitive glutamate biosensor based on vertically aligned CNT nanoelectrode array and investigating the effect of CNTs density on the electrode performance. Anal. Chem. 84 5932-5938. 

Abass and colleagues developed an amperometric biosensor for NHA that uses the enzyme glutamate dehydrogenase to catalyze the following reaction. 

The work in the biosensor industry permitted the testing and proved of stability and reproducibility of enzymes, within the conditions employed in that area. Enzymes with demonstrated stability include lactate oxidase, malate dehydrogenase, alcohol oxidase, and glutamate oxidase. 

Marquette C.A., Degiuli A., Blum L.J., Electrochemiluminescent biosensors array for the concomitant detection of choline, glucose, glutamate, lactate, lysine and urate, Biosens. Bioelectron. 2003 19 433-439. 

I. Moser, G. Jobst, and G.A. Urban, Biosensor array for simultaneous measurement of glucose, lactate, glutamate, and glutamine. Biosens. Bioelectron. 17, 297-302 (2002). 

Metal hexacyanoferrates-based biosensors were developed for analysis of glucose [11, 114, 118, 127, 147, 149, 152, 155-166], ethanol [11], D-alanine [147], oxalate [167-169], cholesterol [170, 171], glutamate [114, 119], sucrose [172], and choline [163], Among the transducers used Prussian blue undoubtedly dominates especially if one takes into account that instead of both chromium and cobalt hexacyanoferrates the activity of the transducers in publications [149, 159, 167, 168] was most probably provided by Prussian blue [117]. The sensitivity of cupric hexacyanoferrate is several orders of magnitude lower compared to Prussian blue. However, chemically synthesized... 

A.A. Karyakin, E.E. Karyakina, and L. Gorton, Amperometric biosensor for glutamate using Prussian Blue-based artificial peroxidase as a transducer for hydrogen peroxide. Anal. Chem. 72, 1720—1723 (2000). 

Figure 5 Five-channel enzyme sensor for the simultaneous determination of glucose, lactate, glutamate, glutamine, and ammonium. MFM, microfiltration module WV, valves P, pumps DC, dialysis cell B, blank reactors MC, reactor D, biosensor flow cell. (Adapted with permission from Ref. 34.)...

A-J. Wang and M. A. Arnold, Dual-enzyme fiber-optic biosensor for glutamate based on nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide luminescence, Anal. Chem. 64, 1051-1055 (1992). 

RJO Cosford, WG Kuhr. Capillary biosensor for glutamate. Anal Chem 68 2164-2169, 1996. 

The flow injection manifold shown in Fig. 5.5.A, which includes a probe-type fluorimetric biosensor accommodated in a thermostated flow-cell at 35°C, was used for the determination of L-glutamate in foods and... 

Figure 5.5 — Flow-through biosensor for the determination of L-glutamate. (A) Flow injection manifold. (B) Sensing microzone of the probe sensor (optrode), incorporated in the flow-cell (FTC). P pump IV injection valve MC mixing chamber AD air damper BFB bifurcated fibre bimdle LS light source PMT photomultiplier R recorder GLU L-glutamate 0-Glu 2-oxoglutarate E enzyme layer I optical insulator S sensing layer PS polyester support. For details, see text. (Adapted from [6] with permission of Elsevier Science Publishers).

B.B. Rodriguez, J.A. Bolbot and I.E. Tothill, Urease-glutamic dehydrogenase biosensor for screening heavy metals in water and soil samples, Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 380 (2004) 284r-292. 

The construction and response of amperometric biosensors for glucose, acetylcholine, and glutamate based on these polymeric materials are described, and the dependence of sensor response on the polymer structure is discussed. 

Glutamate Sensors. Glutamate occurs in unusually high concentrations in the brain and has been shown to stimulate neuronal activity (35). The role of this species as a neurotransmitter is not completely understood, however, and there has been a great deal of research aimed at studying its excitatory function in the brain. A selective biosensor for rapid determination of glutamate would be of great importance to neurochemical researchers. 

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