Ammonium Perchlorate NH

Ammonium perchlorate (NH ClO ) This is a good oxidizer, and can be used to make excellent propellants and colored flames. However, it is a self-contained oxidizer-fuel system (much like ammonium nitrate). The mixing of NH f (fuel) and ClOa (oxidizer) occurs at the ionic level. The potential for an explosion cannot be ignored. Conclusion if this material is used, it must be treated with respect and minimum quantities of bulk powder should be prepared. 

A solid oxidizer Ammonium perchlorate (NH C10 ) is the current favorite due to the high percentage of gaseous products it forms upon reaction with a fuel. 

Ammonium chlorate decomposes gradually at room temperature. Needless to say compositions which contain ammonium perchlorate and potassium chlorate must be avoided. An experiment for producing ammonium chlorate by above reaction can be carried out as follows Add 35 grams of potassium chlorate, KCIO, to 100 ml. of water and dissolve it with heat. Add 36 grams of ammonium perchlorate, NH fClOi., to the solution and stir it well when a large quantity of white crystals will appear these are almost all potassium perchlorate. Leave it to cool to room temperature. Remove the crystals by filtration. The remaining liquid is mainly ammonium chlorate. Evaporate the mother liquor to about 30 ml. on a water bath. Cool it to room... 

Potassium perchlorate, KCIO4 (k) Ammonium perchlorate, NH+CIO4... 

The launch of the space shuttle requires about 2 X kilojoules of energy. About one sixth of this comes from the combustion of hydrogen, H2, in oxygen, O2. The rest comes from the explosive decomposition of ammonium perchlorate, NH CIO in solid-fiiel rockets. 

Besides, the ceramic fillers provide surface conducting pathways as a result of its Lewis acid type interaction with the PEO chains, hence, promoting ion transport which leads to enhanced ion conductivity. The T of the polymer host matrix PEO-ammonium perchlorate (NH CIO ) investigated by Dey and Karan, (2008) arise in a narrow range between -41 °C and -46 °C while the of PEO-salt complex is lower than that of pure PEO upon addition of nano-CeO resulting in enhanced ion conductivity of the polymer nanocomposite (see Table 1). 

The U.S. domestic capacity of ammonium perchlorate is roughly estimated at 31,250 t/yr. The actual production varies, based on the requirements for soHd propellants. The 1994 production ran at about 11,200 t/yr, 36% of name plate capacity. Environmental effects of the decomposition products, which result from using soHd rocket motors based on ammonium perchlorate-containing propellants, are expected to keep increasing pubHc pressure until consumption is reduced and alternatives are developed. The 1995 price of ammonium perchlorate is in the range of 1.05/kg. Approximately 450 t/yr of NH ClO -equivalent cell Hquor is sold to produce magnesium and lithium perchlorate for use in the production of batteries (113). Total U.S. domestic sales and exports for sodium perchlorate are about 900 t/yr. In 1995, a solution containing 64% NaClO was priced at ca 1.00/kg dry product was also available at 1.21/kg. 

Most of the NaClO produced is converted to ammonium perchlorate [7790-98-9] NH CIO. ... 

Even the ammonium ion, NH 4+, is acidic enough to react with magnesium metal. Therefore, ammonium perchlorate and other ammonium salts should not be used with magnesium unless the metal surface is coated with linseed oil, paraffin, or a similar material. 

Composition Potassium perchlor- ate KC10 Ammonium perchlor- ate NH C10 Potassium chlorate KClOj Potassium nitrate KNO3... 

An electron spin resonance study by Hyde and Freeman [12] revealed that ammonia radical ion NH form when ammonium perchlorate is exposed to X-rays. This radical ion was found to be stable in the ammonium perchlorate lattice up to 120°C. It is not formed during thermal decomposition and is not present in ammonium perchlorate sublimate. 

Perchlorate Ammonium perchlorate [CAS 7790-98-9] (NH(4)CLO(4)) is a white crystalline substance. It is a powerful oxidizing material. A1J is the oxidizer used in the solidroekel boosters on the space shuttle. It is stable in pure form at ordinary temperature, but decomposes at a temperature of 150 degrees C or above. It becomes an explosive when mixed with finely divided organic materials. AP exhibits the same explosive sensitivity to shock as picric acid (Class A explosive). Sensitivity to shock and friction may be great when contaminated with small amounts of some impurities such as sulfur, powdered metals and carbonaceous materials. AP may explode when involved in fire. Periodate Ammonium penodate NH4IO4. white solid, moderately soluble. 

In nitric acid solutions the potential is somewhat lowered ( ° = 1.61 V in 1.0 M HNO3), suggesting a partial complexation of the Ce " " aquo ion by nitrate. The stability and stoichiometry of soluble ceric nitrate complexes is not well established, but certainly must include at least CeNOj and probably Ce(N03)2 or mixed Ce(IV) OH-NO3 species. Since nitrate complexes are intermediate in stability between those of perchlorate (barely perceptible) and sulfate (moderately strong), cerium(IV) speciation in nitric acid probably also includes hydrolytic species. Ceric ammonium nitrate, (NH ljCefNOj), is a preferred ceric reagent, because it appears to minimize irreversible polymerization of Ce(IV). 

Previous studies of the hydrolysis of the [Co(NH3)sNOa] + ion at very high and low pH have been shown to produce the [CoCNHalsOH] and [Co(NHs)50Ha] + ions respectively. However, a recent study in ammonia-ammonium perchlorate buffer is at variance with the generally accepted picture of an inert [Co CNHs) ] frame, there being evidence for preferential loss of the ammonia molecule in a trans position to the nitro-group under these conditions ... 

Two grams of the product is dissolved in a minimum amount of water at room temperature, and a slight excess ( - 1.75 g.) of ammonium bromide is added. After it has cooled in ice, the bromide salt of the complex is filtered off and recrystallized. To convert to the perchlorate salt, a slight excess (by weight) of silver perchlorate is added to a saturated solution of the bromide salt in ca. 0.3 M perchloric acid at 40°C. (small quantities of perchloric acid only are required). The silver bromide is filtered off, and a third of the volume of ice-cold 72% perchloric acid is added. The sample obtained is recrystallized twice. Anal. Calcd. for [(NHs)sCo(NH2)Co(NH,)6](C104)6-H20 Cl, 21.7 H, 4.15 N, 18.8. Found Cl, 21.2 H, 4.3 N, 18.6. 

TNT, trinitrotoluene CB, composition B SP, smokeless powder HSSP, high strength smokeless powder fuel, various types — sulfur, gilsonite, other solid hydrocarbons, NH, — %nosulfonate, others AN, ammonium nitrate SN, sodium nitrate BN, barium nitrate NaP, sodium perchlorate SC, sodium chlorate C, combinations (AN/SC incompatible)... 

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