Ammonium butyrate

Fig. 1.8 Asaccharolytic fermentation produces ammonia and short-chain fatty acids. This group of fermentations by oral bacteria utilizes proteins, which are converted to peptides and amino acids. The free amino acids are then deaminated to ammonia in a reaction that converts nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) to NADH. For example, alanine is converted to pyruvate and ammonia. The pyruvate is reduced to lactate, and ammonium lactate is excreted into the environment. Unlike lactate from glucose, ammonium lactate is a neutral salt. The common end products in from plaque are ammonium acetate, ammonium propionate, and ammonium butyrate, ammonium salts of short chain fatty acids. For example, glycine is reduced to acetate and ammonia. Cysteine is reduced to propionate, hydrogen sulfide, and ammonia alanine to propionate, water, and ammonia and aspartate to propionate, carbon dioxide, and ammonia. Threonine is reduced to butyrate, water, and ammonia and glutamate is reduced to butyrate, carbon dioxide, and ammonia. Other amino acids are involved in more complicated metabolic reactions that give rise to these short-chain amino acids, sometimes with succinate, another common end product in plaque.

Butyric add is formed in the intestine, by the process of fermentation mentioned above, at the expense of those portions of the carbohydrate elements of food which escape absorption, and is discharged vrith the fieces as ammonium butyrate. 

The most common reaction of this type is the reaction of carboxylic acid with ammonia or amines to give amides when ammonia is bubbled through butyric acid at 185 , butyramide is obtained in 85% yield. The reaction involves two stages. At room temperature, or even below, butyric acid reacts with the base, ammonia, to give the salt ammonium butyrate. 

The reaction occurs only because ammonium butyrate, being the salt of a weak acid and a weak base, is in equilibrium with a significant amount of ammonia and butyric acid. The actual dehydration step is probably the result of nucleophilic additon of ammonia to the carboxyl group of butyric acid itself. 

Solution The salt is ammonium butanoate (lUPAC) or ammonium butyrate (common). 

Nearly all uses and appHcations of benzyl chloride are related to reactions of the active haUde substituent. More than two-thirds of benzyl chloride produced is used in the manufacture of benzyl butyl-phthalate, a plasticizer used extensively in vinyl flooring and other flexible poly(vinyl chloride) uses such as food packaging. Other significant uses are the manufacture of benzyl alcohol [100-51-6] and of benzyl chloride-derived quaternary ammonium compounds, each of which consumes more than 10% of the benzyl chloride produced. Smaller volume uses include the manufacture of benzyl cyanide [140-29-4], benzyl esters such as benzyl acetate [140-11-4], butyrate, cinnamate, and saUcylate, benzylamine [100-46-9], and benzyl dimethyl amine [103-83-8], and -benzylphenol [101-53-1]. In the dye industry benzyl chloride is used as an intermediate in the manufacture of triphenylmethane dyes (qv). First generation derivatives of benzyl chloride are processed further to pharmaceutical, perfume, and flavor products. 

Methylsuccinic acid has been prepared by the pyrolysis of tartaric acid from 1,2-dibromopropane or allyl halides by the action of potassium cyanide followed by hydrolysis by reduction of itaconic, citraconic, and mesaconic acids by hydrolysis of ketovalerolactonecarboxylic acid by decarboxylation of 1,1,2-propane tricarboxylic acid by oxidation of /3-methylcyclo-hexanone by fusion of gamboge with alkali by hydrog. nation and condensation of sodium lactate over nickel oxide from acetoacetic ester by successive alkylation with a methyl halide and a monohaloacetic ester by hydrolysis of oi-methyl-o -oxalosuccinic ester or a-methyl-a -acetosuccinic ester by action of hot, concentrated potassium hydroxide upon methyl-succinaldehyde dioxime from the ammonium salt of a-methyl-butyric acid by oxidation with. hydrogen peroxide from /9-methyllevulinic acid by oxidation with dilute nitric acid or hypobromite from /J-methyladipic acid and from the decomposition products of glyceric acid and pyruvic acid. The method described above is a modification of that of Higginbotham and Lapworth. ... 

Beaded acrylamide resins (28) are generally produced by w/o inverse-suspension polymerization. This involves the dispersion of an aqueous solution of the monomer and an initiator (e.g., ammonium peroxodisulfates) with a droplet stabilizer such as carboxymethylcellulose or cellulose acetate butyrate in an immiscible liquid (the oil phase), such as 1,2-dichloroethane, toluene, or a liquid paraffin. A polymerization catalyst, usually tetramethylethylenediamine, may also be added to the monomer mixture. The polymerization of beaded acrylamide resin is carried out at relatively low temperatures (20-50°C), and the polymerization is complete within a relatively short period (1-5 hr). The polymerization of most acrylamides proceeds at a substantially faster rate than that of styrene in o/w suspension polymerization. The problem with droplet coagulation during the synthesis of beaded polyacrylamide by w/o suspension polymerization is usually less critical than that with a styrene-based resin. 

FIG. 8 Potential oscillation at interface o/wl with SDS as surfactant with (A) no electrolyte, (B) with lOOmM NaCl, (C) lOOmM KCl, (D) lOOmM CsCl, (E) lOOmM MgClz, (F) lOOmM CaClj, (G) lOOmM BaClj, (H) lOOmM FeClj, (I) lOOmM NaF, (I) lOOmM NaBr, (K) lOOmM Nal, (L) lOOmM sodium acetate, (M) 100 mM sodium propionate, (N) 100 mM sodium -butyrate, (O) lOOmM sodium w-valerate, ( ) lOOmM tetramethylammonium chloride, (Q) 20mM tetra-ethylammonium chloride, (R) 20 mM tetrapropylammonium chloride, and (S) 20 mM tetrabutyl-ammonium chloride in phase wl. Phase w2 contains 8mM SDS and 5M ethanol and phase o contains 5mM tetrbutylammonium chloride. (Ref. 27.)... 

Another example of poly(3HB) formation during unlimited growth was reported by Doi et al. [29]. These authors demonstrated that the synthesis of poly(3HB) from butyrate in R. eutropha occurs under balanced growth conditions in the presence of ammonium because the building blocks of poly(3HB) are available without 3-ketothiolase catalyzed conversion. This holds true basically for substrates which are assimilated according to the principle of prefabricated construction [58],e.g.,pentanol/poly(3-hydroxyvalerate) [124]. 

The effect of the hydration radius of these cations is very important, and mobilities are sometimes very close or the same as for potassium and ammonium. For this reason, a complexing agent is added to the buffer. Several complexing agents such as a-hydroxyiso-butyric acid (HIBA), 18-crown-6, phthalic, malonic, tartaric, lactic, citric, oxalic, or glycolic acid may be used. 

Ammonium Standard Solution, 849 Ammonium Sulfanilate TS, 850 Ammonium Sulfate, 28 Ammonium Sulfide TS, 850 Ammonium Thiocyanate, 0.1 N, 856 Ammonium Thiocyanate TS, 850 Amyl Acetate, 510 1-Amyl Alcohol, 454, (S3)66 Amylase, 130, (S3)18 a-Amylase, 132, 786 P-Amylase, 132, 786 Amyl Butyrate, 454, 510, (S3)66 Amyl Caprylate, 454 Amylcinnamaldehyde, 454 a-Amylcinnamaldehyde, 454, 605,... 

Elution of the heavy lanthanide ferns from cation exchange corumn using ammonium 3-hydroxyisobutyratc as the eluent Note that the higher atomic number lanthanides elute first because they have smaller radii and are more strongly complied by the ammonium 2-hydroxyiso butyrate. 

Dev132 reported that the reaction of 2-(cyclopentan-2-one)butyrate and ammonium acetate gives the 2 M-pyrindin-2-one (197). However, it is difficult to reconcile the reactants and the suggested product (197) since a reasonable mechanism, which involves conversion of the ester to an amide followed by cyclization and dehydration, would predict 198 as a possible product. Alternatively, if the reactant ester was 3-(cyclopentan-2-one)butyrate, the same mechanism would predict 197 as the product.44... 

Nicotinic acid and nicotinamide and their derivatives were analyzed by TLC on MN 300G cellulose plates in various solvent systems (K. Shibata, personal communications, October 16, 2001). The Rf values of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate or NADP" (Rf values 0.03, 0.50, and 0.70), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide or NAD" (Rf values 0.13, 0.61, and 0.58), nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide (Rf values 0.15, 0.52, and 0.57), nicotinamide mononucleotide (Rf values 0.11, 0.63, and 0.73), nicotinic acid mononucleotide (Rf values 0.13, 0.47, and 0.75), nicotinamide (Rf values 0.87, 0.88, and 0.45), and nicotinic acid (Rf values 0.77, 0.82, and 0.55) are shown in various solvent systems [1 M ammonium acetate-95 % ethanol (3 7), pH 5.0 2-butyric acid-ammonia-water (66 1.7 33), and 600 g of ammonium sulfate in 0.1 M sodium phosphate-2% 1-propanol (pH 6.8), respectively]. The detection is performed by illumination under short-wavelength (257.3 nm) UV light. Urinary metabolites of the vitamin could be analyzed by TLC. ... 

The 2-D TLC was successfully applied to the separation of amino acids as early as the beginning of thin-layer chromatography. Separation efficiency is, by far, best with chloroform-methanol-17% ammonium hydroxide (40 40 20, v/v), n-butanol-glacial acetic acid-water (80 20 20, v/v) in combination with phenol-water (75 25, g/g). A novel 2-D TLC method has been elaborated and found suitable for the chromatographic identification of 52 amino acids. This method is based on three 2-D TLC developments on cellulose (CMN 300 50 p) using the same solvent system 1 for the first dimension and three different systems (11-IV) of suitable properties for the second dimension. System 1 n-butanol-acetone -diethylamine-water (10 10 2 5, v/v) system 11 2-propanol-formic acid-water (40 2 10, v/v) system 111 iec-butanol-methyl ethyl ketone-dicyclohexylamine-water (10 10 2 5, v/v) and system IV phenol-water (75 25, g/g) (h- 7.5 mg Na-cyanide) with 3% ammonia. With this technique, all amino acids can be differentiated and characterized by their fixed positions and also by some color reactions. Moreover, the relative merits of cellulose and silica gel are discussed in relation to separation efficiency, reproducibility, and detection sensitivity. Two-dimensional TLC separation of a performic acid oxidized mixture of 20 protein amino acids plus p-alanine and y-amino-n-butyric acid was performed in the first direction with chloroform-methanol-ammonia (17%) (40 40 20, v/v) and in the second direction with phenol-water (75 25, g/g). Detection was performed via ninhydrin reagent spray. 

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