Methanolic ammonia

Cmde gas leaves from the top of the gasifier at 288—593°C depending on the type of coal used. The composition of gas also depends on the type of coal and is notable for the relatively high methane content when contrasted to gases produced at lower pressures or higher temperatures. These gas products can be used as produced for electric power production or can be treated to remove carbon dioxide and hydrocarbons to provide synthesis gas for ammonia, methanol, and synthetic oil production. The gas is made suitable for methanation, to produce synthetic natural gas, by a partial shift and carbon dioxide and sulfur removal. 

Reciprocating Compressors. Prior to 1895, when Linde developed his air Hquefaction apparatus, none of the chemical processes used industrially required pressures much in excess of I MPa (145 psi) and the need for a continuous supply of air at 20 MPa provided the impetus for the development of reciprocating compressors. The introduction of ammonia, methanol, and urea processes in the early part of the twentieth century, and the need to take advantage of the economy of scale in ammonia plants, led to a threefold increase in the power required for compression from 1920 to 1940. The development of reciprocating compressors was not easy Htfle was known about the effects of cycles of fluctuating pressure on the behavior of the... 

Feedstock Purification Manufacture of Synthesis Gases Hydrogen, Ammonia, Methanol, product bulletin. United Catalysts, Inc., Louisville, Ky. 

Whereas near-term appHcation of coal gasification is expected to be in the production of electricity through combined cycle power generation systems, longer term appHcations show considerable potential for producing chemicals from coal using syngas chemistry (45). Products could include ammonia, methanol, synthetic natural gas, and conventional transportation fuels. 

A good example is the reduction of 11-keto steroids (69) which gives only the llJ -hydroxy derivatives (70) with metal deuterides. Generally, the 1 la-alcohols are obtained in good yield by reduction with lithium in liquid ammonia-methanol mixtures. By analogy, llj -dj-lla-alcohols (71) are expected when a deuterioammonia-methanol-OD system is used. (For an alternate preparation of an 11/5-dj-l la-hydroxy steroid, see section III-C). 

This design is used in 3,000-15,000 psi ammonia, methanol, and hydrogenation plant service. 

As a constituent of synthesis gas, hydrogen is a precursor for ammonia, methanol, Oxo alcohols, and hydrocarbons from Fischer Tropsch processes. The direct use of hydrogen as a clean fuel for automobiles and buses is currently being evaluated compared to fuel cell vehicles that use hydrocarbon fuels which are converted through on-board reformers to a hydrogen-rich gas. Direct use of H2 provides greater efficiency and environmental benefits. ... 

This recommended practice applies to equipment in refineries, petrochemical facilities, and. chemical facilities in which hydrogen or hydrogen-containing fluids are processed at elevated temperature and pressure. The guidelines in this recommended practice can also be applied to hydrogenation plants such as those that manufacture ammonia, methanol, edible oils, and higher alcohols. 

Fig. 3.12 Model of an agglomerate consisting of many small interstellar dust particles. Each of the rod-shaped particles consists of a silicate nucleus surrounded by yellowish organic material. A further coating consists of ice formed from condensed gases, such as water, ammonia, methanol, carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide. Photograph Gisela Kruger, University of Bremen...

During the past several decades, coal made hydrogen is mainly used in areas for the production of chemicals such as ammonia, methanol, methane, and Fischer-Tropsch products (Figure 3.2). 

Synthesis H2 or Refinery Ammonia Methanol Fischer-Tropsch Oxo Alcohols... 

Halcinonide dissolved in either methanol, deutero-methanol, aqueous ammonia-methanol, or deuterium oxide deuter-ated ammonia-methanol solvents appears stable after storage for six days at 50°, using nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry.70... 

Although Certify is a mixed mode sorbent with C8 and sulfonic acid moieties, the authors rationalized that the hydrophobic retention on this sorbent is more dominant and caused the nonretention of certain drugs during methanol wash. The weak WCX ion exchanger was also excluded for similar reasons. Both the mixed mode strata-X-C and the ion exchange sorbent SCX were found to be most amenable for the derivatization-based GC/MS analysis and both yielded pure extracts. However, the yields were consistently lower with strata-XC than SCX and the authors hypothesized that this was due to the inability of the 5% ammonia/methanol eluent to completely disrupt the hydrophobic and dipolar interactions between the analytes and XC. 

What are the three commonly used chemical ionization reagent gases (methane, isobutane, water, ammonia, methanol, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, etc.). 

Within the series of the Chemical Economics Handbook published by SRI Consulting, nearly all known direct hydrogen producers worldwide are cited (see www.sriconsulting.com). Another possibility to estimate the produced hydrogen volumes is from the respective hydrogen demand of the final products (e.g., from ammonia, methanol or refinery products) (see LBST (1998)). 

Archibald and co-workers used a similar strategy of amine oxidation, followed by oxidative nitration, for the conversion of 5,10-diaminodispiro[3.1.3.1]decane to 5,5,10,10-tetranitrodispiro[3.1.3.1]decane (21). 5,10-Diaminodispiro[3.1.3.1]decane was prepared from the redaction of the corresponding oxime (19) with sodium in liquid ammonia-methanol. 5,10-Dinitrodispiro[3.1.3.1]decane (20) nndergoes oxidative nitration to give 5,5,10,10-tetranitrodispiro[3.1.3.1]decane (21) in 64 % yield. 

Uses/Sources. As a constituent in cooking and illuminating gas in the production of ammonia, methanol, and chlorohydrocarbons it occurs in natural gas and is produced by the decomposition of organic matter. 

A mixture of H2 and CO is an important chemical intermediate as are pure H2 and pure CO, and this mixture is called syngas or synthesis gas. These intermediates are used for production of gasoline, ammonia, methanol, and acetic acid. 

Product Bulletin from Sud-Chemie (2005), Catalysts for ammonia, methanol, hydrogen, carbon monoxide, reducing gases . 

Sodium azide. Ammonia Nitric acid. Ammonia, Methanol... 

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