Amines higher, fatty

Amines. See also Amines by reduction Cycloaliphatic amines Fatty amines Higher aliphatic amines Lower aliphatic amines... 

Triethanolamine is a tertiary amine that contains hydroxy groups it is capable of undergoing reactions typical of tertiary amines and alcohols. Triethanolamine will react with mineral acids to form crystalline salts and esters. With the higher fatty acids, triethanolamine forms salts that are soluble in water and have characteristics of soaps. Triethanolamine will also react with copper to form complex salts. Discoloration and precipitation can take place in the presence of heavy metal salts. 

Fatty amines can be synthesized by reacting alkylhalides with either ammonia or lower amines, from fatty acids and their derivatives (i.e., amides and ammonium salts), or by ammonolysis of fatty alcohols. Amines dissociate and reveal surface activity primarily under acidic conditions. Higher homologs, such as octadecylamine, are insoluble in water, but soluble in oil. 

Diethylethanolamine (Diethylaminoethanol, (CtHOrNCrHrOH). Di-ethylaminoethanol is a water-white, hygroscopic liquid which behaves chemically like the tertiary amines and alcohols. It is soluble in water, ethyl alcohol, methyl alcohol, ethyl ether, ethyl acetate, acetone, aromatic hydrocarbons, fixed oils, mineral oil, oleic acid, hot stearic acid, and hot paraffin and carnauba wa.xes, the last two solidifying when cooled. It is used in the manufacture of certain pharmaceuticals, such as procaine and "atabrine". It forms amine soaps with higher fatty acids, which are oil-soluble and useful as emulsifiers and textile lubricants. Its mild alkalinity makes it applicable as a neutralizing agent and a corrosion inhibitor. 

Excessive amounts of water in the sample interfere by destruction of the esterification reagent and contribution to a high unreal hydroxyl number value. If the water content of the sample exceeds 0-2%, it is recommended that the sample be dried. Primary and secondary amines and higher fatty acids also interfere since they react with the reagent to form stable compounds and would be included in the analysis. 

Soaps are unstable in acid media since the free fatty acid formed under these conditions will tend to be insoluble. Alkali-metal soaps are used in the preparation of oil-in-water emulsions, which are most stable in alkaline solution (above pH 10) and which crack in acid media and in the presence of calcium ions. Water-in-oil emulsions may be prepared using calcium, zinc, magnesium and aluminium salts of the higher fatty acids-the so-called metallic soaps. The combination of amine salts such as triethanolamine, with fatty acids gives the amine soaps. These soaps yield oil-in-water emulsions which are more stable than those prepared with alkali-metal soaps, although they still tend to crack in acid conditions. 

As far as catalytic properties are concerned, nickel and cobalt catalysts rank among those most often described and used in the production of primary amines from higher fatty acids via the hydrogenation of the corresponding nitriles. It was also assumed in previous papers that when nickel is deposited on a support, only the degre of nickel dispersion is affected and there is no substantial modification of the selectivity (5). 

Ethoxylation of alkyl amine ethoxylates is an economical route to obtain the variety of properties required by numerous and sometimes smaH-volume industrial uses of cationic surfactants. Commercial amine ethoxylates shown in Tables 27 and 28 are derived from linear alkyl amines, ahphatic /-alkyl amines, and rosin (dehydroabietyl) amines. Despite the variety of chemical stmctures, the amine ethoxylates tend to have similar properties. In general, they are yellow or amber Hquids or yellowish low melting soHds. Specific gravity at room temperature ranges from 0.9 to 1.15, and they are soluble in acidic media. Higher ethoxylation promotes solubiUty in neutral and alkaline media. The lower ethoxylates form insoluble salts with fatty acids and other anionic surfactants. Salts of higher ethoxylates are soluble, however. Oil solubiUty decreases with increasing ethylene oxide content but many ethoxylates with a fairly even hydrophilic—hydrophobic balance show appreciable oil solubiUty and are used as solutes in the oil phase. 

In stimulation fluids containing concentrated HCl, the partial substitution of water by alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, and glycerol increases the corrosivity of the acid fluids and reduces the efficiency of the corrosion inhibitors [1148]. This effect is especially important for fatty amine-based inhibitors. For products containing acetylenic-type inhibitors the detrimental effect is less important and a weight loss may be maintained within acceptable limits using slightly higher, but still reasonable, levels of inhibitor. 

Reactive Black 5 and Direct Brown 2 Granulated anaerobic sludge mixed culture Decolorization and substrate removal were achieved under test conditions but ultimate removal of azo dyes and substrate were not observed at high dye concentrations. Aromatic amine and volatile fatty acid accumulation observed proportionally at higher azo dye concentration [135]... 

In mixtures such as secretions and scent marks, the polarity of the non-pheromonal compounds may greatly affect the release of the active odor molecules (Regnier and Goodwin, 1977). The pH also affects volatility with higher acidity, a volatile odoriferous base, such as an amine, will form larger amounts of non-volatile salts and, therefore, contribute less to perceived odor. Conversely, odorous acids such as volatile fatty acids will increasingly form salts as the alkalinity increases (Albone, 1984). 

The compositions consist of a heat-plastified mixture of an ethylene homopolymer or copolymer, about 3 to 30 pbw of an elastomer, a stability control agent, which is a partial ester of a long chain fatty acid with a polyol, higher allyl amine, fatty acid amide or olefinically unsaturated carboxylic acid copolymer, and a hydrocarbon blowing agent having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms and a boiling point between -175 and 50C. 

Antistatic agents - [ALKANOLAMINES - ALKANOLAMINES FROM OLEFIN OXIDES AND AMMONIA] (Vol 2) - [ALKANOLAMINES - ALKANOLAMINES FROM OLEFIN OXIDES AND AMMONIA] (Vol 2) - [AMINE OXIDES] (Vol 2) - [ANTISTATIC AGENTS] (Vol 3) - [AMINES-FATTY AMINES] (Vol 2) - [PHOSPHORUSCOMPOUNDS](Voll8) -castor oil derivatives as [CASTOR OIL] (Vol 5) -from polyammes pIAMINES AND HIGHER AMINES ALIPHATIC] (Vol 8) -in styrene plastics [STYRENE PLASTICS] (Vol 22) -for textiles [SUGAR ALCOHOLS] (Vol 23)... 

Fabric softeners - [ALKANOLAMOSIES - ALKANOLAMINES FROM OLEFIN OXIDES AND AMMONIA] (Vol 2) - [AMINES - FATTY AMINES] (Vol 2) - [SUGARALCOHOLS] (Vol 23) -from polyamines [DIAMINES AND HIGHER AMINES ALIPHATIC] (Vol 8)... 

Kitahara115,116,119,121 arrives at similar conclusions with fatty acid salts of higher aliphatic primary amines in benzene. Large amounts of data on cationic surfactants, particularly, their temperature dependent aggregation were collected by Kertes and coworkers109 n0, 11 141. In a number of cases thermodynamic data were calculated from this temperature dependence119. However, frequently the dependence of the aggregation number on the temperature was not duly considered which makes the derived quantities less useful. 

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