Amines formulation

Examples of neutralizing amine formulations reflecting the use of blends with different DR values are shown in the following formulatons. 

NOTE In simple filming amine formulations ODA is the most widely employed ingredient. Formulations are typically available as 100% concentrated flakes, 2 to 5% strength aqueous solutions, or 5 to 10% strength emulsions. Solid ODA should be stored without exposure to air because it gradually reacts with carbon dioxide to form ODA carbonate, which is white and crumbly in composition. 

As with neutralizing amine formulations, there is a wide range of filmer raw materials employed. These are available in a myriad of straight filmer or filmer-neutralizer blends, of varying active strengths. A few examples are shown here ... 

Many physical and process constraints limit the cycle time, where cycle time was defined as the time to the maximum exotherm temperature. The obvious solution was to wind and heat the mold as fast and as hot as possible and to use the polymer formulation that cures most rapidly. Process constraints resulted in a maximum wind time of 3.8 minutes where wind time was defined as the time to wind the part plus the delay before the press. Process experiments revealed that inferior parts were produced if the part gelled before being pressed. Early gelation plus the 3.8 minute wind time constrained the maximum mold temperature. The last constraint was based upon reaction wave polymerization theory where part stress during the cure is minimized if the reaction waves are symmetric or in this case intersect in the center of the part (8). The epoxide to amine formulation was based upon satisfying physical properties constraints. This formulation was an molar equivalent amine to epoxide (A/E) ratio of 1.05. 

UCARSOL Series solvents Dow Chemical Company Proprietary amine formulations... 

D. The most widely used herbicide at present is 2,4-D. As far as the selective use of 2,4-D on cereal crops is concerned, the amine formulations seem perfectly satisfactory. As a translocated herbicide, results are not too good. In some localities, 2,4-D has been effective in treating perennial weeds, but in other places results have been disappointing. The differences seem related to the movement of the material after it gets into the plant, and here the physiology of the plant, as well as the nature of the chemical, is concerned. 

The solution of the precursors of the thermosetting polymer (mixture of monomers or oligomers with or without initiators, catalysts and different additives) is usually a liquid at room temperature e.g., unsaturated polyester styrene, some epoxy anhydride and epoxy amine formulations, cya-nate esters, one-stage phenolics, etc. Cooling any of these solutions below room temperature leads to a glass. The temperature at which the glass-liquid transition of the initial formulation takes place is denoted as Tg0. Some other particular formulations, such as two-stage phenolics (novo-lac-hexa mixtures), some epoxy-amine systems, etc., exhibit a Tg0 above room temperature. 

Phipps, Frank, in "A Study of Drift of Aqueous and Propylene Glycol 2,4-D Amine Formulation from Aerial Application" Montgomery, M.M. Witt, J.M. Oregon State University, Dept, of Agricultural Chemistry,... 

D amine or ester formulation was diluted to field strength (1.25% solution) and used to contaminate cotton denim fabric.6 The amine formulation is highly water soluble and is readily removed with a single wash it makes no difference whether a cool (30°C) or hot wash (60oC) is used. At both wash temperatures, less than 1% 2,4-D amine residue remains. 

Simal Gandara J, Lopez Mahia P, Paseiro Losada P, Simal Lozano J and Paz Abuin S, 1993, Overall migration and specific migration of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether monomer and m-xylylenediamine hardener from an optimized epoxy-amine formulation into water-based food simulants. Food Additiv. Contam. 10 (5), 555-565. 

N-nitrosodimethylamine levels in some Canadian 2,4-D amine formulations. J Assoc Off Anal them 70 49-51. 

Crystal Inhibitor 5. [Hatcios] Blend retards fnmation of crystals in 2,4-D amine formulations. 

Kurihara and coworkers at Toray Industries prepared several aminated derivatives of polyepichlorohydrin, then formed composite polyamide membranes by interfacial reaction with isophthaloyl chloride.38 Polyepichlorohydrin was converted to polyepiiodohydrin, then reacted with either4-(aminomethyl)piperidine, 3-(methylamino)hexahydroazepine, or 3-(amino)hexahydroazepine. Also, poly-epiaminohydrin was prepared by reduction of the azide derivative of polyepiiodohydrin. Best salt rejections were obtained if the polymeric amine formulation contained a substantial proportion of the monomeric amines as coreactants in the interfacial reaction. In tests on 3.5% sodium chloride at 800 psi and 25 C, salt rejections of 99.5% at fluxes of 8 to 9 gfd were characteristic. A three-zone barrier layer was produced, consisting of a heat-crosslinked polyamine gel (as in NS-100), a polyamide layer incorporating both the polymeric... 

Multifunctional epoxy amine formulations. J. Polym. Sci Part B Polym. Phys. 33 433-443. 

In order to analyze the applicability of the thermodynamic model to an actual system, epoxy-amine formulations modified by castor oil (CO) were studied [78]. Castor oil is basically a monodisperse modifier with M = 928 gmol (a slight variation about this average may be produced by variations in the amount of ricinoleic acid (88% of fatty acids), )inoleic acid, oleic acid and other fatty acids present in the system). Its molar volume is Vm = 966.7 cm moC ... 

A linear-chained epoxy resin was formulated from phenyl glycidyl ether and nadic methyl anhydride, catalysed by benzyldimethylamine (248). An IR fibre-optic probe was used to follow the conversion of a thermosetting tetrafunctional epoxy resin in which the hardener was an aromatic diamine and a carboxylic dianhydride. A polymerisation system consisting of a cycloaliphatic diepoxide, epoxidised natural rubber (ENR), glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) and a cationic photoinitiator, triphenylsulfonium hexafluoro-antimonate, was studied (75). Multifunctional epoxy/ amine formulations (Epon 825 plus 4,4 -methylene-... 

An alternative approach to remote mid infra-red spectroscopy is presented which utilises gold-coated waveguides instead of fibre optics and which could be used for in-situ real-time process control in practically any environment. The principle objects of the paper are to describe a novel experimental set-up for remote mid infra-red spectroscopy recently assembled in laboratory, and to demonstrate the qualitative and quantitative analysis of the remote mid infra-red data using a multifunctional epoxy/amine formulation as an example. 18 refs. 

An investigation of the kinetics of two non-polymerforming epoxy/amine model systems and a polymer-forming multifunctional epoxy/amine formulation (Epon 825 plus 4,4 -methylenedianiline) was carried out by dielectric and near-IR spectroscopy. Dielectric... 

Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is a selective herbicide used for weed control, water hyacinth control, and various other uses. Several companies manufacture 2,4-D. 2,4,5-T, salts, and esters are used widely to control woody plants on industrial sites and range land. Amine formulations are used extensively for weed control on rice. The action and properties of these compounds are similar to those of 4,5-T preparations. 

Toxicology May cause eye injury repeated skin exposure may cause irritation Precaution Wear impervious gloves, chemical goggles may produce incompatibilities with 2,4-D amine formulations incompat. with alkalis, oxidizers Hazardous Decomp. Prods. CO underfire conditions NFPA Health 1, Flammability 2, Reactivity 0... 

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