Copper amine solutions

A bottle of cuprous chloride solution prepared by standing cupric chloride in strong hydrochloric acid over excess copper burst on standing. In the presence of some complexing agents, copper can react with aqueous media to form hydrogen. Slow pressurisation by this means explains the above explosion (Editor s comments). The metal is also known to dissolve in cyanides and some amine solutions. 

The use of bisethylenediamine copper (II) hydroxide solutions to effect solution of cotton has been practiced for many years and is still industrially practiced on a small scale as a method of regeneration of cotton. Copper-amine solutions were utilized for this study for a number of reasons including a. as noted above, an abundance of prior knowledge exists concerning the technique b. it allows fairly good solution of the cotton c. it was found, early in our work, to allow the execution of the types of modification desired and d. it is easily handled and can be utilized on the gram as well as ton scale. Further purity of modified material, i.e. effectiveness of removal of unreacted, etc. material is easily followed through analysis of the copper present in the modified material. 

Carbon steel is the predominant construction material for carbonate and amine solution containers. Corrosion in the overhead lines (hydrogen sulfide or carbon dioxide plus water from the regenerator) is prevented by adding corrosion inhibitors. Although amine carry-over can act as a corrosion inhibitor in the overhead line, SCC of carbon steel has occurred when amine added as a corrosion inhibitor became concentrated. Copper and copper base alloys should be avoided in amine service and are questionable in carbonate seivice. Nickel or cobalt base alloys (e.g., Monel00 400 and Inconel 600) except for Stellite01 should be avoided in carbonate service. Monel 400 should be avoided in amine service if UCC Amine Guard02 corrosion inhibitor is used. 

The reaction involves the preparation of a solution of the diazonium halide and gradually adding it to a solution of the corresponding cuprous halide. In the preparation of compounds that are volatile, it is essential to employ a reflux condenser. In some cases, the diazo solution is prepared in the presence of the cuprous halide. Under such circumstances, a solution of sodium nitrite is added to a heated acid solution of the amine and copper salt. The diazotization and replacement of the diazo group then takes place in one operation. 

The direct replacement of both chlorine atoms from p- or o-dichloro-benzene is very difficult, and a satisfactory process has not as yet been developed. A high ammonia ratio and 40-50 per cent ammonia are desirable. The presence of cuprous copper in quantities sufficient to form an organo copper complex is helpful. The difficulty in effecting the am-monolysis of dichlorobenzenes is attributed to the establishment of an equilibrium after the formation of a monoamine and to the change in the pH of the aminating solution due to the concentration of HCl or NH4CI. 

The shift reaction is exothermic and thus the equilibrium is favored by low temperatures (Figure 6.2.4). Thus, the reaction temperature should be kept as low as possible, but is limited by the activity of the catalyst. The Fe-Cr shift catalyst is sufficiently active only above about 300 °C. Catalysts based on copper and zinc are active enough at about 200 °C but these catalysts are very sensitive to poisoning and require extremely pure gases, typically with less than Ippm H2S. In practice, the water-gas shift reaction is carried out in two adiabatic fixed-bed reactors with intermediate cooling between both converters. The first high-temperature shift reactor operates with a Fe-Cr catalyst, and the second low-temperature shift reactor contains the more active Cu-Zn system. At the exit of the second shift reactor, the CO2 present in the converted syngas is removed in a gas scrubber, usually by chemical absorption in aqueous amine solutions, for example, mono- or diethanolamine (Section 3.3.3). 

Chlorine, dry Chlorine, water Chromium chloride Chromium sulfate, solution Copper sulfate, solution Decyl acrylate Diamylamine Dibutyl amine Dibutyl phthalate Dichloroether Diethylene glycol Dipropylene glycol... 

The use of multifunctional monomers in anaerobics leads to a highly crosslinked thermoset polymer that is heat-resistant and has excellent resistance to oil and solvents. Anaerobics cure very quickly on clean surfaces made of iron, steel or brass where transition metal ions catalyse the initiation of polymerisation. However, they cure at a slower rate on plated surfaces, on oily surfaces, or in the presence of certain rust-inhibiting chemicals such as chromates. For very inactive surfaces or for fixing on plastics, surface primer solutions (usually amines or copper salts) can be used. 

The use of copper and copper alloys should be avoided. The corrosiveness of a rich amine solution is the highest in the case of hydrogen units and town gas units, where only COj is handled, and moderate in the case of FCC units where COj + HjS (H2S/(C02 + HjS) = 0.01) is handled, and lowest in the case of hydrodesulfuiization, where only HjS is handled. Equipment that undergoes maximum corrosion are lean/iich heat exchangers, regenerators, reboUers, reclaimers, and overhead condensers. 

An unbranched polymer composed of 1,4 )9-linked glucopyranose units. Polymeric. Minimum formula given. The most abundant organic material found in plants forming the principal constit. of their cell walls giving them structural strength. Cotton is almost pure cellulose. Wood is the most important industrial source. Basic material for textile and paper manuf. Used in the isoln. of heavy metals. Insol. H2O, most solvs., but forms sol. complexes in cone. aq. ZnCl2, copper-amine solutions and with Fe sodium tartrate solution. 

Unfortunately, addition of copper(II)nitrate to a solution of 4.42 in water did not result in the formation of a significant amount of complex, judging from the unchanged UV-vis absorption spectrum. Also after addition of Yb(OTf)3 or Eu(N03)3 no indications for coordination were observed. Apparently, formation of a six-membered chelate ring containing an amine and a ketone functionality is not feasible for these metal ions. Note that 4.13 features a similar arrangement and in aqueous solutions, likewise, does not coordinate significantly to all the Lewis acids that have been... 

Although lead acetate [301-04-2] is the only metallic dye used ia the early 1990s, salts or silver, copper, nickel, cobalt, bismuth, and iron have been utilized ia the past. A patent (39) refers to the use of bismuth citrate ia a solution made alkaline with triisopropan ol amine. 

HydrometallurgicalProcesses. HydrometaHurgical refining also is used to extract nickel from sulfide ores. Sulfide concentrates can be leached with ammonia (qv) to dissolve the nickel, copper, and cobalt sulfides as amines. The solution is heated to precipitate copper, and the nickel and cobalt solution is oxidized to sulfate and reduced, using hydrogen at a high temperature and pressure to precipitate the nickel and cobalt. The nickel is deposited as a 99 wt % pure powder. 

ALkylamines are corrosive to copper, copper-containing alloys (brass), aluminum, 2inc, 2inc alloy, and galvani2ed surfaces. Aqueous solutions of aLkylamines slowly etch glass as a consequence of the basic properties of the amines in water. Carbon or stainless steel vessels and piping have been used satisfactorily for handling aLkylamines and, as noted above, some aLkylamines can act as corrosion inhibitors in boiler appHcations. 

Chromia—alumina catalysts are prepared by impregnating T-alumina shapes with a solution of chromic acid, ammonium dichromate, or chromic nitrate, followed by gentie calciaation. Ziac and copper chromites are prepared by coprecipitation and ignition, or by thermal decomposition of ziac or copper chromates, or organic amine complexes thereof. Many catalysts have spiael-like stmctures (239—242). 

Copper-based alloys Ammonia (vapors and solutions) Amines Sulfur dioxide Nitrates, nitrites... 

Maximum conversion occurs by equilibration at the lowest possible temperature so the reaction is carried out sequentially on two beds of catalyst (a) iron oxide (400°C) which reduces the CO concentration from 11% to 3% (b) a copper catalyst (200°) which reduces the CO content to 0.3%. Removal of CO2 ( 18%) is effected in a scrubber containing either a concentrated alkaline solution of K2CO3 or an amine such as ethanolamine ... 

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