Amelioration

In addition, the residual sugar, aldehydes and pyruvate are degraded so that less SO2 is required in a subsequent sulfur treatment step. The multiplication of the lactic acid bacteria is promoted by increasing the temperature to 20 °C and stirring up the yeast settlings. 

Wine blending is a suitable way of rectifying defects, refreshing old wines, deepening the color of red wines (table wines) and enhancing the bouquet or readjusting the low acid content, thus producing a uniform quality wine for the market. 

Tartaric or citric acid can be added to low-acid wines from southern European countries. The addition of gypsum or phosphate treatment to enhance the color of red wines, which is used in the case of certain southern wines (e. g., Malaga, Marsala) is based on the increase in the color yield caused by lowering the pH with CaS04 or CaHP04. 

The chemical composition of wine varies over a wide range. It is influenced by environmental factors, such as climate, weather and soil, as well as by cultivar and by storage and handling of the grapes, must and wine. 

The ethanol content of wine varies over a wide range. It serves as a quality feature (cf. 20.2.3.3). An alcohol level above 144 g/1 indicates addition of ethanol. 

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As m increases, At becomes progressively smaller (compare the difference between the square roots of 1 and 2 (= 0.4) with the difference between 100 and 101 (= 0.05). Thus, the difference in arrival times of ions arriving at the detector become increasingly smaller and more difficult to differentiate as mass increases. This inherent problem is a severe restriction even without the second difficulty, which is that not all ions of any one given m/z value reach the same velocity after acceleration nor are they all formed at exactly the same point in the ion source. Therefore, even for any one m/z value, ions at each m/z reach the detector over an interval of time instead of all at one time. Clearly, where separation of flight times is very short, as with TOF instruments, the spread for individual ion m/z values means there will be overlap in arrival times between ions of closely similar m/z values. This effect (Figure 26.2) decreases available (theoretical) resolution, but it can be ameliorated by modifying the instrument to include a reflectron. 

Toxicity Amelioration. Cancer researchers traditionally have not focused their attention on the question of toxicity amehoration. This is partiy attributed to the lack of predictive animal models for human toxicities. For example, the preclinical rat model, used as a predictor of myelosuppression, has failed to predict myelosuppression in humans in clinical trials. In addition, reduction of one toxicity may result in the emergence of another, more serious problem. Research efforts to address the problem of toxicity amelioration has progressed in several directions. The three most prominent areas are analogue synthesis, chemoprotection, and dmg targeting. 

One approach for ameliorating the highly brittle nature of these cements has involved the use of tougher, more ductile fillers (62,63). Another approach for improving the overall properties of traditional glass—ionomer cements involves the development of hybrid cement-composites and resin-modified cements (64—68). 

On homogenization, the lysate may drastically increase in viscosity due to DNA release. This can be ameliorated to some extent using multiple passes to reduce the viscosity. Alternatively, precipitants or nucleic acid digesting enzymes can be used to remove these viscosity-enhancing contaminants. 

Large Fans These could be used to dilute a vapor cloud below its LFL with ambient air (see, for example, Whiting and Shaffer, Feasi-bihty Study of Hazardous Vapor Amelioration Techniques, Proc. 1978 Nat. Conf. on Control of Hazardous Material Spills, USEPA, Miami Beach, April 1978). But caution must be exercised because the turbulence produced by fans will likely promote rapid combustion and a resulting UVCE unless vapors are diluted below the LFL. Nevertheless, in new plants, strategic placement of air coolers may provide enough air flow to reduce the risk of a UVCE. 

Modifications of the wood surface can be performed by various physical, mechanical and chemical treatments. Chemical treatments especially are performed in order to enhance the dimensional stability, but also for amelioration of physical and mechanical properties or a higher resistance against physical, chemical and biological degradation. 

An explosion in the engine room of an LNG carrying ship berthed at the jetty could release vapor cloud, whose explosion would have serious consequences. No amelioration was suggested by the team. Release of cargo, from ship collision was discounted because of the eight knots speed limit. 

Under certain conditions, such as hyperbaria,airway heat losses can account for a considerable percentage of total body heat production (in some cases > 100%). Normally these threats are ameliorated by rapid moderation of inspired air temperature and humidity by exchanging heat and water vapor between the mucus and airstream in the upper airway. Recovering much of the heat and water vapor contained in expired air minimizes heat and water losses to the ambient environment and aids in whole-body thermoregulation. 

To identify changes to be made in the system to ameliorate operational problems... 

In addition to its role in preventing scurvy (see Human Biochemistry box Ascorbic Acid and Scurvy and also Chapter 6), ascorbic acid also plays important roles in the brain and nervous system. It also mobilizes iron in the body, prevents anemia, ameliorates allergic responses, and stimulates the immune system. 

Thus, our attention should shift from the concern of potential adverse effects to the health benefits imparted by hormonal contraceptives. The use of oral contraceptives for at least 12 months reduces the risk of developing endometrial cancer by 50%. Furthermore, the risk of epithelial ovarian cancer in users of oral contraceptives is reduced by 40% compared with that on nonusers. This kind of protection is already seen after as little as 3-6 months of use. Oral contraceptives also decrease the incidence of ovarian cysts and fibrocystic breast disease. They reduce menstrual blood loss and thus the incidence of iron-deficiency anemia. A decreased incidence of pelvic inflammatory disease and ectopic pregnancies has been reported as well as an ameliorating effect on the clinical course of endometriosis. 

Target validation, to determine that a gene product is causative of disease symptoms or that activation of the target protein ameliorates disease symptoms. Agonist/activator or an inhibitor which may be therapeutic could be identified using microarrays... 

Thiazolidinediones (synonyms glitazones, insulin sensitizers rosiglitazone, pioglitazone) are a novel class of oral antidiabetic drugs that activate the transcription factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPARy). Thiazolidinediones ameliorate insulin resistance in obese animal models and in individuals... 

In nephrogenic diabetes insipidus the kidney s ability to respond to AVP is impaired by different causes, such as drugs (e.g. lithium), chronic disorders (e.g. sickle cell disease, kidney failure) or inherited genetic disorders (X-linked or autosomal NDI). This type of diabetes insipidus can not be treated by exogenous administration of AVP or AVP analogues. Instead, diuretics (hydrochlorothiazide combined or not with amiloride) and NSAI (indomethacin) are administrated to ameliorate polyuria. 

CD C14 C14.001 Caspase-1 Potential drug target for down-regulation of the inflammatory mediator, interleukin 1beta, which could ameliorate inflammation and endotoxic shock... 

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