Halides allylic

Acid chlorides and bromides, allyl halides, a-halo-ketones, esters, amides and nitriles react at 25° within 3 minutes. Vinyl and aryl halides are inert. 

Allyl halides do however give us good yields of alkylation at carbon ... 

Several Pd(0) complexes are effective catalysts of a variety of reactions, and these catalytic reactions are particularly useful because they are catalytic without adding other oxidants and proceed with catalytic amounts of expensive Pd compounds. These reactions are treated in this chapter. Among many substrates used for the catalytic reactions, organic halides and allylic esters are two of the most widely used, and they undergo facile oxidative additions to Pd(0) to form complexes which have o-Pd—C bonds. These intermediate complexes undergo several different transformations. Regeneration of Pd(0) species in the final step makes the reaction catalytic. These reactions of organic halides except allylic halides are treated in Section 1 and the reactions of various allylic compounds are surveyed in Section 2. Catalytic reactions of dienes, alkynes. and alkenes are treated in other sections. These reactions offer unique methods for carbon-carbon bond formation, which are impossible by other means. 

Perfluoroalkylzinc iodides, prepared in situ from iodides and ultrasonically dispersed Zn, are coupled with allylic halides via an allylic rearrangement[271]. The Pd-catalyzed homocoupling of allylic acetate in the presence of Zn to give a mixture of regioisomers 416 and 417 may proceed via in situ formation of allylzinc species[272,273]. 

The ( )-vinylsilane 151 was prepared by treatment of the silylstannation product 150 with hydrogen iodide[75] and the silylzincation product with water[70]. The silylstannylation of 1-ethoxyacetylene proceeds at room temperature using Pd(OAc)i and 1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl isocyanide regioselec-tively and an Si group is introduced at the ethoxy-bearing carbon. Subsequent Cul- and Pd-catalyzed displacement of the stannyl group in the product 152 with allyl halide, followed by hvdrolvsis, affords the acylsilane 153[79],... 

The reaction of allyl halides with terminal alkynes by use of PdClifFhCNji as a catalyst affords the l-halo-l,4-pentadienes 297. 7r-AlIylpalladium is not an intermediate in this reaction. The reaction proceeds by chloropalladation of the triple bond by PdCh, followed by the insertion of the double bond of the allyl halide to generate 296. The last step is the regeneration by elimination of PdCh, which recycles[148]. The cis addition of allyl chloride to alkynes is supported by formation of the cyclopentenone 299 from the addition product 298 by Ni(CO)4-catalyzed carbonylation[149]. 

Lithiated indoles can be alkylated with primary or allylic halides and they react with aldehydes and ketones by addition to give hydroxyalkyl derivatives. Table 10.1 gives some examples of such reactions. Entry 13 is an example of a reaction with ethylene oxide which introduces a 2-(2-hydroxyethyl) substituent. Entries 14 and 15 illustrate cases of addition to aromatic ketones in which dehydration occurs during the course of the reaction. It is likely that this process occurs through intramolecular transfer of the phenylsulfonyl group. 

Lithiation at C2 can also be the starting point for 2-arylatioii or vinylation. The lithiated indoles can be converted to stannanes or zinc reagents which can undergo Pd-catalysed coupling with aryl, vinyl, benzyl and allyl halides or sulfonates. The mechanism of the coupling reaction involves formation of a disubstituted palladium intermediate by a combination of ligand exchange and oxidative addition. Phosphine catalysts and salts are often important reaction components. 

Allylic brommations are normally carried out using one of a number of special ized reagents developed for that purpose N Bromosuccimmide (NBS) is the most fre quently used of these reagents An alkene is dissolved m carbon tetrachloride N bromo succimmide is added and the reaction mixture is heated illuminated with a sunlamp or both The products are an allylic halide and succimmide... 

Unless both criteria are met mixtures of constitutionally isomeric allylic halides result... 

Both resonance forms of the allylic carbocation from 1 3 cyclopentadiene are equivalent and so attack at either of the carbons that share the positive charge gives the same product 3 chlorocyclopentene This is not the case with 1 3 butadiene and so hydrogen halides add to 1 3 butadiene to give a mixture of two regioisomeric allylic halides For the case of electrophilic addition of hydrogen bromide at -80°C... 

The carbocations formed as intermediates when allylic halides undergo Stvfl reactions have their positive charge shared by the two end carbons of the allylic system and may be attacked by nucleophiles at either site Products may be formed with the same pattern of bonds as the starting allylic halide or with allylic rearrangement... 

Benzylic halides resemble allylic halides m the readiness with which they form carbocations On comparing the rate of S l hydrolysis m aqueous acetone of the fol lowing two tertiary chlorides we find that the benzylic chloride reacts over 600 times faster than does tert butyl chloride... 

J ULIA-BRUYLANTS Cyclopropyl Carbinol Rearrangement Synthesis ot allyl halides (usually E] by rearrangement ol cyciopropyl carbirKils acid catalyzed)... 

This reaction illustrates a stereoselective preparation of (Z)-vinylic cuprates, which are very useful synthetic intermediates. They react with a variety of electrophiles such as carbon dioxide, epoxides, aldehydes, allylic halides, alkyl halides, and acetylenic halides they undergo... 

Methylsuccinic acid has been prepared by the pyrolysis of tartaric acid from 1,2-dibromopropane or allyl halides by the action of potassium cyanide followed by hydrolysis by reduction of itaconic, citraconic, and mesaconic acids by hydrolysis of ketovalerolactonecarboxylic acid by decarboxylation of 1,1,2-propane tricarboxylic acid by oxidation of /3-methylcyclo-hexanone by fusion of gamboge with alkali by hydrog. nation and condensation of sodium lactate over nickel oxide from acetoacetic ester by successive alkylation with a methyl halide and a monohaloacetic ester by hydrolysis of oi-methyl-o -oxalosuccinic ester or a-methyl-a -acetosuccinic ester by action of hot, concentrated potassium hydroxide upon methyl-succinaldehyde dioxime from the ammonium salt of a-methyl-butyric acid by oxidation with. hydrogen peroxide from /9-methyllevulinic acid by oxidation with dilute nitric acid or hypobromite from /J-methyladipic acid and from the decomposition products of glyceric acid and pyruvic acid. The method described above is a modification of that of Higginbotham and Lapworth. ... 

Substituted allylic halides give mixtures of products resulting from bond formation at both C-1 and C-3 of the allylic system, with the product ratio favoring the product formed by reaction at the less substituted site. The portion of the product formed by reaction at C-1 in allylic systems may result from direct substitution, but it has also been suggested that a... 

These mechanisms ascribe in jortance to the Lewis acid-Lewis base interaction between the allyl halide and the organolithium reagent. When substitution is complete, the halide ion is incorporated into the lifliium cluster in place of one of the carbon ligands. 

A similar transformation results when trimethylsilyloxy-substituted allylic halides react with silver perchlorate in nitromethane. The resulting allylic cation gives cycloaddition reactions with dienes such as cyclopentadiene. The isolated products result from desilyla-tion of the initial adducts ... 

Allyl amine Allyl cyanide Allyl ether Allyl halide Amines... 

Displacement of an allylic halide is complicated by side reactions involving migration of the double bond. A good example is the reaction of 7a-bromo-3 -acetoxy-A -steroids (201) which gives, besides the expected... 

Whereas simple olefins are not usually made by elimination from halides, conjugated systems are frequently obtained in this way. The cases of a- and j5-halo ketones and their vinylogues have already been covered. Allylic halides may also be eliminated to form dienes, for example, the 2,4-diene (109)... 

The hydrocarbon vinyl iodides behave similarly. The perfluoroacetylenic copper reagents react readily with allyl halides, and preferred attack is at the least hindered position [147, 255] (equation 174). 

Codeposition of silver vapor with perfluoroalkyl iodides at -196 °C provides an alternative route to nonsolvated primary perfluoroalkylsilvers [272] Phosphine complexes of trifluaromethylsilver are formed from the reaction of trimethyl-phosphme, silver acetate, and bis(trifluoromethyl)cadmium glyme [755] The per-fluoroalkylsilver compounds react with halogens [270], carbon dioxide [274], allyl halides [270, 274], mineral acids and water [275], and nitrosyl chloride [276] to give the expected products Oxidation with dioxygen gives ketones [270] or acyl halides [270] Sulfur reacts via insertion of sulfur into the carbon-silver bond [270] (equation 188)... 

A two-step cyclization of an enamine with an electrophilic olefin has been reported in which the first step is alkylation by an allyl halide and the second step is alkylation by the electrophilic olefin (50). The reaction... 

A fundamental problem in the alkylation of enamines, which is inherent in the bidentate system, is the competition between the desired carbon alkylation and attack at the nitrogen. With unactivated alkyl halides (3,267), this becomes especially serious with the enamines derived fromcycloheptan-one, cyclooctanone, cyclononanone, and enamines derived from aldehydes. Increasing amounts of carbon alkylation are found with the more reactive allyl and benzyl halides (268-273). However, with allyl halides one also observes increasing amounts of dialkylation of enamines. 

Cuprates react rapidly witli allylic halides for acetates) [17, 23], propargyl halides for acetates) [ 106-108], and vinyloxiraties, often witli S 2 regioselectivity iSclieme 10.9) [17]. Hie reaction takes place witli emit stereodieniistry iwitli respect to tlie leaving group), while syn substitution occurs when an allylic carbamate is employed as tlie substrate [109]. 

---