Pharmaceuticals plant-based

History. Methods for the fractionation of plasma were developed as a contribution to the U.S. war effort in the 1940s (2). Following pubHcation of a seminal treatise on the physical chemistry of proteins (3), a research group was estabUshed which was subsequendy commissioned to develop a blood volume expander for the treatment of military casualties. Process methods were developed for the preparation of a stable, physiologically acceptable solution of alburnin [103218-45-7] the principal osmotic protein in blood. Eady preparations, derived from equine and bovine plasma, caused allergic reactions when tested in humans and were replaced by products obtained from human plasma (4). Process studies were stiU being carried out in the pilot-plant laboratory at Harvard in December 1941 when the small supply of experimental product was mshed to Hawaii to treat casualties at the U.S. naval base at Pead Harbor. On January 5, 1942 the decision was made to embark on large-scale manufacture at a number of U.S. pharmaceutical plants (4,5). 

A number of potential risks are associated with plant-based pharmaceuticals these include allergen exposure to the public, pollen transfer to wild species, nontarget organism exposure due to persistence of genetically engineered material in the environment, interspecies gene flow, and contamination of nontransgenic crops intended for human consumption. The role of risk analysis with respect to the impact of plant-based biopharmaceuticals on human health and the environment are discussed in this chapter. 

Pearce DW, Puroshothamon S. (1995). The economic value of plant-based pharmaceuticals. In T Swanson (Ed.), Intellectual property rights and biodiversity conservation (pp. 19-44). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 

Phenolic substances are for the most part readily oxidized at a graphite electrode. The oxidation potentials for phenols vary widely with structure, and some (hydroquinones and catechols) are far more readily oxidized than others (cresols). Many compounds of biological interest (catecholamines, pharmaceuticals, plant phenolics) [32] and industrial interest (antioxidants, antimicrobials, agricultural chemicals) [33] are phenolic, and trace determination based on LCEC is now quite popular. 

Whatever dimensionality the data have, they must be easily accessible and put to use. The data are imperative for product release, setting of product specifications that are based on true process variability, investigation of out-of-specification product, validation of the process, and trend analysis of production.28 A cost-estimate of the inefficient use of data for decision-making in a typical pharmaceutical plant shows the impact of such behavior on the company s costs. For a single product the annual costs are estimated as ... 

IPC systems continue to offer advantages to pharmaceutical manufacturers in providing access to data on the shop floor, hazardous areas, and other hostile environments. IPCs are flexible and allow manufacturers the option to implement a central control room based system or a distributed plant based system. Both options are in use. 

Specific lines of therapeutic demarcation between allopaths and sectarians were often distinguished by only one ingredient, such as mercury, with additional substances blurring into a sea of commonly prescribed plant-based drugs. The standard American pharmaceutical text for the period, Edward Parrish s Introduction to Practical... 

All configurations described herein are based on radial feeders. Radial feeders provide power to feeders for panelboards and other electrical distribution equipment within the pharmaceutical plant. Branch circuits connect to feeders and provide power to the electrical loads. 

Registration of Pharmaceutical Products Based on Medicinal Plants... 

Fischer, R. Stoger, E. Schillberg, S. Christou, P. Twyman, R.M. Plant-based production of bio-pharmaceutical. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 2004, 7, 152-158. 

Soon after the elaboration by the World Health Organisation (WHO) of the Alma Ata Declaration of Health for all by the Tear 2000 , it realised that approximately 80% of the world s population had no access to Western-style healthcare. Any attempt therefore to provide comprehensive healthcare depended on the utilisation of traditional systems of medicine which are almost exclusively plant based. Each continent and area has its own distinct herbal lore and practice but some have become more widely known through migration and through public interest. Many of the plants used in traditional pharmacopoeias are the subject of intense scientific investigation by the pharmaceutical industry looking for new bioactive molecules or for leads to new therapeutic approaches. 

This chapter reviews progress and challenges in the area of production of recombinant proteins, in particular biopharmaceuticals, in plants. Different expression platforms are summarized, including those based on the use of transgenic, transplastomic or transfected plants as production hosts. The quality and yield of recombinant proteins produced in and purified from plants, as well as progress in clinical trials with plant-made pharmaceutical proteins are described. The advantages, limitations and biological safety aspects of plant-based production of biopharmaceuticals are discussed. 

Perhaps the earliest origins of the pharmaceutical industry are to be found in the trade involving the root gatherers and the middle men the druggists and the alchemists, well established by Galen s day. From him came a classification of plant materials and, additionally, a long series of complicated plant-based prescriptions for various therapeutic indications. 

Because of their particle shape and nature, cellulose and other plant based or organic drugs and pharmaceutical excipients often exhibit elastic properties. For that reason, as mentioned several times in this book (see, for example. Chapter 5 and Section 10.2), after fast compaction densified products may experience spring-back and loose structural integrity, strength, and/or quality as defined by a multitude of descriptions. To overcome possible problems, the rate of densification must be lowered to potentially unacceptable (technically and/or monetary) levels to allow conversion of temporary elastic alteration in shape and volume into permanent plastic deformation. 

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