Alkanes from sulfones

The following equations were derived from experimental data [74] to calculate aggregation numbers of sodium alkane 1-sulfonates ... 

The first LCA study of detergent surfactants was sponsored by Procter and Gamble at Franklin Associates Ltd. (FAL) [118]. However, this study does not include alkane- (paraffin) sulfonates since they are absent from the American market. 

Sodium C12-14 olefin sulfonate CAS 85536-12-5 EINECS/ELINCS 287-492-2 Synonyms Sulfonic acids, C12-14-alkane hydroxy and C12-14-alkene, sodium salts Definition Mixt. of long chain sulfonate salts from sulfonation of C12-14 alpha olefins consists of sodium alkene sulfonates and sodium hydroxyalkane sulfonates Uses Surfactant in cosmetics food-pkg. 

Kiermeier and co-workers [23] and Wildbrett and co-workers [24] have developed schemes for the measurement of the extractability of monomeric phthalate ester and C10/C20 alkane phenyl sulfonates from polyvinyl chloride (PVC) containers into milk. After leaving raw milk at 38 "C for 4 hours in contact with PVC tubing containing bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate or phenol or cresol alkanesulfonate, the respective plasticiser was determined. Schemes are described for separation and hydrolysis of the phthalic acid ester, with spectrophotometric determination of the liberated phthalic acid at 284 nm, and for the separation and saponification of the alkane sulfonic acid ester and for spectrophotometric determination at 470 nm, of the liberated phenol or cresol after coupling with diazotised nitroaniline and addition of sodium carbonate solution. 

The perfluoroalkane sulfonic acids were fkst reported ki 1954. Trifluoromethanesulfonic acid was obtained by the oxidation of bis(ttifluoromethyl thio) mercury with aqueous hydrogen peroxide (1). The preparation of a series of perfluoroalkanesulfonic acids derived from electrochemical fluotination (ECF) of alkane sulfonyl haUdes was also disclosed ki the same year (2). The synthetic operations employed when the perfluoroalkanesulfonic acid is derived from electrochemical fluotination, which is the best method of preparation, are shown ki equations 1—3. 

Poly(vinyl nitrate) has been prepared and studied for use in explosives and rocket fuel (104,105). Poly(vinyl alcohol) and sulfur trioxide react to produce poly(vinyl sulfate) (106—111). Poly(vinyl alkane sulfonate)s have been prepared from poly(vinyl alcohol) and alkanesulfonyl chlorides (112—114). In the presence of urea, poly(vinyl alcohol) and phosphoms pentoxide (115) or phosphoric acid (116,117) yield poly(vinyl phosphate)s. 

Di-f-butyl sulfone is different from the other dialkyl sulfones in that RH is mainly alkene and not alkane [G(isobutene) = 3.2 and G(isobutane) = 1.2]. The preference for isobutene over isobutane means that the formation of the alkene cannot be due to disproportionation of two t-butyl radicals but is due to a hydrogen atom expulsion as suggested by Bowmer and O Donnell70... 

Olefins, sultones, alkanes, and alkenesulfonates may be separated by liquid chromatography on silica gel using hexane, trichloromethane-hexane, ethanol-dime thy lcarbonate, and ethanol-ammonium hydroxide as the eluents. Pueschel and Prescher [110] achieved the separation of alkene-1,4-sultone and alkene-1,3-sultone from each other and from other sulfonic acid esters in AOS by thin-layer chromatography on silica gel G with 4 1 diethylcarbonate-ligroine as the... 

The amount of residual sulfonate ester remaining after hydrolysis can be determined by a procedure proposed by Martinsson and Nilsson [129], similar to that used to determine total residual saponifiables in neutral oils. Neutrals, including alkanes, alkenes, secondary alcohols, and sultones, as well as the sulfonate esters in the AOS, are isolated by extraction from an aqueous alcoholic solution with petroleum ether. The sulfonate esters are separated from the sultones by chromatography on a silica gel column. Each eluent fraction is subjected to saponification and measured as active matter by MBAS determination measuring the extinction of the trichloromethane solution at 642 nra. (a) Sultones. Connor et al. [130] first reported, in 1975, a very small amount of skin sensitizer, l-unsaturated-l,3-sultone, and 2-chloroalkane-l,3-sultone in the anionic surfactant produced by the sulfation of ethoxylated fatty alcohol. These compounds can also be found in some AOS products consequently, methods of detection are essential. 

A class of enzymes capable of removing sulfur from alkane sulfonates exists, which may have relevance in microbial desulfurization of alkyl sulfides. A gene cluster ssuEADCB was identified in E. coli. The enzyme SsuD was capable of conversion of pentane sulfonic acid to pentaldehyde and sulfite. It was reported to be capable of conversion of alkyl sulfonates from C2 to CIO, as well as substituted ethanesulfonates and sulfonated buffers. The SsuE was a flavin-reducing enzyme that provided FMNH2 to the SsuD. 

Zhou and Pietrzyk [41] found that increasing the mobile-phase ionic strength not only increases the retention of AS and AES on a reversed stationary phase, but also improves the resolution since the peak widths are significantly reduced. The authors achieved baseline separation of a multicomponent alkane sulfonate and alkyl sulfate mixture from C2 to Cis using a mobile-phase gradient whereby acetonitrile concentration increases and LiOH concentration decreases. 

The RP-Cis LC separation of this mixture of aliphatic linear alkane sulfonates (CnH2n+i—SO3) and SAS from an industrial blend in combination with APCI—LC—MS(—) detection is presented as total ion mass trace (Fig. 2.11.2(f)) together with selected mass traces (m/z 277, 291, 305 and 319 for (re +x = 11-14)) in Fig. 2.11.2(b)-(e), respectively. The resolved mass traces proved the presence of large number of isomers of every SAS homologue in this blend. This complexity is generated because of the linear isomer precursor and the mixture of branched alkyl precursor compounds applied to chemical synthesis [22], In parallel to elution behaviour observed in GC the branched isomers of alkylsulfates in LC separation were expected to elute first. 

Genapol C 050 (alcohol ethoxylate, AEO) and Marlon PS 65 (secondary alkane sulfonate, SAS) at 1000 mg L-1 for each compound. These mixtures were also used for the preparation of the spiked wastewaters (effluent from WWTP Aachen-Soers, Germany, sampled on January 7, 1999). 

Thus -alkanes (C10-C14) separated from the kerosene fraction of petroleum (by urea complexation or absorption with molecular sieves) are now used as one source of the alkyl group. Chlorination takes place anywhere along the chain at any secondary carbon. Friedel-Crafts alkylation followed by sulfonation and caustic treatment gives a more linear alkylbenzenesulfonate (LAS) which is soft or biodegradable. The chlorination process is now the source of about 40% of the alkyl group used for the manufacture of LAS detergent. 

It is worth noting that if the two surfactants which are mixed do not share the same value of k, as for instance an alkylbenzene sulfonate (k = 0.16) and an alkylsuhate (k = 0.10), then Eqs. 10-12 have to be divided by k to be expressed in ACN units which have the same meaning in all cases, whatever the k s [33]. The value a/k has been called EPACNUS (Extrapolated Preferred Alkane Carbon Number at Unit Sahnity and no-alcohol), since it is the value of ACN when the conditions S = 1 wt % NaCl,/(A) = 0 and T = 25 °C are satisfied. If the optimiun formulation is determined experimentally, not from the occurrence of three-phase behavior but from the minimum of interfacial tension, as is often the case at low surfactant concentration or when the oil phase is not transparent, it is called EACNmin or Umin [17,34,35]. 

A solution of palladium(II) sulfate in sulfuric acid absorbs alkanes and reacts with them (Si). The reaction taking place is unclear, but it is suggested that hydrogen abstraction from the alkane occurs as the first step and this is then followed by sulfonation or oxidation. Products of the reaction have not been given. 

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