Alkaloids triterpene saponins

The major pharmacological constituents of tea are the purine alkaloids caffeine (2.9-4.2%), theobromine (0.15-0.2%), and theophylline (0.02-0.04%). Also present are triterpene saponins (including barringtogenol C and Rl-barringenol), catechins (theaflavine, theaflavin acid, thearubigine), and caffeic acid derivatives (chlorogenic acid and theogallin). A cup of brewed tea contains approximately 20-100 mg of caffeine... 

PASTEELS, J.M., TERMONIA, A., WINDSOR, D.M., WITTE, L., THEURING, C., HARTMANN, T., Pyrrolizidine alkaloids and pentacyclic triterpene saponins in the defensive secretions of Platyphora leaf beetles. Chemoecology, 2001, 11, 113-120. 

With nearly 20 years of experience on plant-derived natural products, NPRL has identified numerous active anti-HIV compounds including polycyclic diones, saponins, alkaloids, triterpenes, polyphenols, flavonoids and coumarins. Triterpenes have diverse structures and pharmacological activities. 

Mimosa pudica L. - cipo-dorme-dorme Insomnia Leaves and vines (decoction, ingested) Xokleng Indians [36] Tannins, steroids, alkaloids, triterpenes [322,323] flavonoids [324,325,326,327,328] saponins [329] bufanolide [330] mimopudine [331,332] ... 

Phytochemistry The herb contains coumarins (umbelUferone and hemiarine) and their derivatives, flavonoids (quercetin, rutin, quercetin triglycoside, quercetin arabinoside, quercetin galactoside, rhamnoglycoside, isorhanmetin triglycoside, etc.), triterpene saponins, essential oil, and traces of alkaloids (Khodzhimatov 1989 Akopov 1990 Schroder et al. 1993). 

Phytochemistry Roots contain triterpene saponins (patrinoside A, B, C and inleroside B), inulin, organic adds, tannins, and essential oils. The seeds contain alkaloids (Khodzhimatov 1989). 

Phytochemistry A wide assortment of chemical compounds have been isolated from the seeds including triterpene saponins, alkaloids (up to 0.5 %, convolvine and convolamine), cyclic peptides, phenolic acid, flavonoids, and steroids. Roots contain 5 % saponins, sugars, saporubin, and saporubinic acid. Leaves contain the glycoside saponarin (Ogolevitz 1951 Morita et al. 1997a, b Sang et al. 2000, 2003). 

In conclusion, 40 compounds were isolated and identified from the seeds of V. segetalis. 15 of them (2-11, 14, 17, 18, 28, 31) are new compounds, one of them (37) is a new natural product. Most of these new compounds have complex structures. New 2D techniques, HMQC-TOCSY and HMBC-TOCSY, were applied to determine their structures. 18 compounds were tested for the inhibition of Luteal cells in rats. Three new compounds showed very strong inhibition resulting in 100% at a concentration of 20 / mL. One new flavonoid showed inhibitory effect on the growth of the HL-60 cell line. Thus, the seeds of V. segetalis are a rich source of bioactive triterpene saponins, alkaloids, cyclic peptides, phenolic compounds and steroids. 

Table n. Latitude, Sporne Indices (SI), Herbaceousness Indices (HI), Numbers of Occurrences per Family (NO/F) of Neolignans (NLG), Lignans (LGN) 18,19% Caffeoyltannins (CAF), Proanthocyanidins (PRO), Gallo- and Ellagitannins (GAL) 20% Steroids (STE) (9), Triterpenic Saponins (SAP) 21-27), Iridoids (IRI) 28% Polyacetylenes (POL) 29) and l rrolizidine Alkaloids (PYR) (Ferreira, Z.S., Universidade de Sao Paulo, unpublished data) and Percent Values of Shikimate Derivatives (NLG+LGN+CAF+PRO+GAL) (SH%) of Five DifTerent Regions... 

Secondary compounds known for their antimicrobial activity include many phenolics (e.g., flavonoids, isoflavones, and simple phenolics), glu-cosinolates, nonproteinogenic amino acids, cyanogenic glycosides, acids, aldehydes, saponins, triterpenes, mono- and disesquiterpenes, and last but not least, alkaloids (4,17,42,149,312). 

Cl 0 monoterpenes Cl 5 sesquiterpenes C20 diterpenes C30 triterpenes C27 steroids C40 tetraterpenes C(n) polyterpenes Saponins Cucurbitacins Terpenoid alkaloids... 

Finally, since many natural product compounds have been investigated with various chromatographic modes and detection techniques, a selection of examples has been summarized in this chapter. This information has been compiled in the form of tables for well-researched classes of secondary metabolites selected from the major subgroups of isoprenoids (mono-, sesqui-, di-, and triterpenes iridoids and secoiridoids carotenoids saponins and ecdysteroids), of phenolics (coumarins, flavonoids, and isoflavonoids), and of alkaloids. 

Saponins are glycosylated alkaloids, steroid, or triterpenes. They are in low concentrations in soybeans, 0.1—0.3% based on protein content, and legumes are the major source of saponins in the human diet (Lin Wang, 2004). 

Phytochemistry AU plant parts contain saponins (triterpenes), alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, and lipids (Boguslavskaya et al. 1983 Plant Resources of the USSR 1985). Phytoecdysteroids have been isolated from the plant (Saatov et al. 1990). 

Phytochemistry The roots contain steroid saponins, tannins, flavonoids, coumarins, and anthraquinones. The aboveground parts contain essential oils, triterpene acids, iridoids, steroid saponins, alkaloids, tannins, coumarins, anthraquinones, and vitamin C (Revina and Shustova 1982). 

Phytochemistry Roots contain organic acids, saponins (17 triterpene glycosides and oleanolic acid derivatives), steroids, alkaloids, vitamin C, flavonoids, coumarins, and tannins. The aboveground parts contain organic acids, saponins, alkaloids, phenolcarbonic acids, coumarins, and flavonoids (Alimbaeva and Akimaliev 1975). 

As for the components of Glycyrrhiza species, the essential oil (11, 38-40), and the occurrence of alkaloids (41-45), polysaccharides (46-62), a polyamine (63), triterpenes (64-67), fatty acids (6S) and amino acids (69) as well as triterpenoid saponins and flavonoids have... 

Phytosterols (PS) are plant sterols or stands found in plants. Plant sterols belong to the triterpene family and differ from cholesterol by having a methyl or ethyl group in C24. Plant stanols, on the other hand, are the saturated form of the plant sterols (Fig. 113.1). PS are present in free or conjugated form as fatty-acyl esters, hydroxycinnamate steryl esters, steryl glycosides, or acylated steryl glycosides. The main function of plant sterols/stanols is to stabilize plant membranes and serve as precursors in the synthesis of steroidal saponins, alkaloids, and other steroids [1]. 

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