Alkaloid number

In an improvement of the earlier use of keto lactam 85 to synthesize the alkaloid 17-oxoellipticine (148) 63) [alkaloid numbering (57)], Obaza-Nutaitis and Gribble (52) have found that vinyllithium is an excellent alternative to the more conventional acyl anion equivalents (Scheme 25). Thus, the addition to... 

The isoquinoline alkaloids are the second largest group of alkaloids, numbering about 6000, and can be viewed as five subgroups—the simple tetrahydroisoquinolines, the benzylisoquinolines, the phenethylisoquinolines, the Amaryllidaceae alkaloids, and the monoterpene isoquinolines. In addition, there are a number of simple phenethylamine derivatives, including ephedrine (originally from Ephedra species, but now synthesized) and pseudoephedrine, used for asthma and nasal... 

Scheme 2 Biogenetic relationship between the skeleta of Taxus alkaloids Numbering refers to the structural formula and not to the biogenesis.

A new synthesis of indoloquinolizidines substituted at positions 15 and 20 (indole alkaloid numbering) may prove useful... 

Scheme 9 General skeleton of neosecurinane alkaloids (numbering).

Tobacco Alkaloids. The relatively small number of alkaloids derived from nicotinic acid (27) (the tobacco alkaloids) are obtained from plants of significant commercial value and have been extensively studied. They are distinguished from the bases derived from ornithine (23) and, in particular, lysine (24), since the six-membered aromatic substituted pyridine nucleus common to these bases apparendy is not derived from (24). 

There is a relatively large number of alkaloids which maybe considered as simple phenethyl amine [64-04-0] (59, R = H), CgH N, or tyramine [51-67-2] (59, R = OH), CgH NO, derivatives. These iaclude mescaline (61) from the small wooly peyotyl cactus l ophophora mlliamsii (L emaire) Coult. anhalamine (62) and lophocerine (63) from other Cactaceae, and the important antamebic alkaloids (—)-protoemetiae (64), (—)-ipecoside (65), and (—)-emetine (66) from the South American straggling bush Cephaelis ipecacuanha (Brotero) Rich. AH of these bases appear to be derived from tyrosiae (25,... 

The latter is the source of the Chinese dmg Chin-Shih-Hu. Compared to the other families of bases discussed eadier, the numbers of alkaloids supposedly derived from famesyl pyrophosphate or a close relative is small. However, given the wide variety of plant families containing sesquiterpenes, it is most likely that the numbers of compounds to be found will dramatically increase. 

Miscellaneous Alkaloids. Stukimic acid (57) is a precursor of anthranihc acid (28) and, in yeasts and Escherichia coli (a bacterium), anthranHic acid (o-aminobenzoic acid) is known to serve as a precursor of tryptophan (26). A similar but yet unknown path is presumed to operate in higher plants. Nonetheless, anthranHic acid itself is recognized as a precursor to a number of alkaloids. Thus damascenine [483-64-7] (134), C qH NO, from the seed coats of JSHgella damascena has been shown (95) to incorporate labeled anthranHic acid when unripe seeds of the plant are incubated with labeled precursor. 

Carbamate Insecticides. These are stmcturaUy optimi2ed derivatives of the unique plant alkaloid physostigmine [57-47-6] a cholinergic dmg isolated in 1864 from Phjsostigma venenosum (see Alkaloids) (17,24,35—39). The carbamates maybe considered synthetic derivatives of the synaptic neurotransmitter acetylcholine, with very low turnover numbers. The A/,A/-dimethylcarbamates of heterocycHc enols (36) and the Ai-methylcarbamates of a variety of substituted phenols (35) with a wide range of insecticidal activity were described in 1954 (35). The latter are the most widely used carbamate insecticides, and the A/-methylcatbamates of oximes have subsequentiy been found to be effective systemic insecticides. 

Syntheses of Quinolines. The large number of alkaloids and medicinal compounds which contain the quinoline ring has created a long and active search for synthetic routes. Several classical routes were developed in the nineteenth century and, with many modifications, are still used. 

Aledicine. A wide variety of alkaloids (qv) contain the quinoline ring system this fact accounts, in large measure, for the extensive synthetic research reported (107). In addition to the naturally occurring compounds, a large number of synthetic quinolines, eg, (22) and (23), have been prepared and studied for use in medicine. Table 3 presents selected examples. 

In addition to the Vinca alkaloids and taxol, a limited number of other cytotoxic agents have been demonstrated to act at the level of tubulin. This... 

Biotransformations are carried out by either whole cells (microbial, plant, or animal) or by isolated enzymes. Both methods have advantages and disadvantages. In general, multistep transformations, such as hydroxylations of steroids, or the synthesis of amino acids, riboflavin, vitamins, and alkaloids that require the presence of several enzymes and cofactors are carried out by whole cells. Simple one- or two-step transformations, on the other hand, are usually carried out by isolated enzymes. Compared to fermentations, enzymatic reactions have a number of advantages including simple instmmentation reduced side reactions, easy control, and product isolation. 

Many classes of natural product possess heterocyclic components (e.g. alkaloids, carbohydrates). However, their structures are often complex, and although structure-based names derived by using the principles outlined in the foregoing sections can be devised, such names tend to be impossibly cumbersome. Furthermore, the properties of complex natural product structures are often closely bound up with their stereochemistry, and for a molecule containing a number of asymmetric elements the specification of a particular stereoisomer by using the fundamental descriptors (R/S, EjZ) is a job few chemists relish. 

Nonalcoholic and strong drinks (tea, wine) contain a number of aromatic substances with amino and hydroxyl groups (first of all, there are polyphenolic compounds and alkaloids) which defined sort and quality of drinks. 

A number of other syntheses of coniine have been effected, of which that of Diels and Alder is of special interest. The initial adduct of pyridine and methyl acetylenedicarboxylate, viz., tetraraethylquinolizine-1 2 3 4-tetracarboxylate (IX) on oxidation with dilute nitric acid is converted into methyl indolizinetricarboxylate (X). This, on hydrolysis and decarboxylation, furnishes indolizine, the octahydro-derivative (XI) of which, also known as octahydropyrrocoline, is converted by the cyanogen bromide method (as applied by Winterfeld and Holschneider to lupinane, p. 123) successively into the broraocyanoamide (XII), cyanoaraide (XIII) and dZ-coniine (XIV). A synthesis of the alkaloid, starting from indolizine (pyrrocoline) is described by Ochiai and Tsuda. ... 

Of the other tropane alkaloids, convolvine (veratroylnortroplne), convolamme (veratroyltropine) and a number of their derivatives have been examined. All are stated to be local anaesthetics. ... 

In the following account the numbers in brackets after the name and formula of the alkaloid are the numbers of the plants in which it occurs as given in the list (p. 117). 

ALKALOIDS OF THE CACTACEA . Heffter i has recorded the presence of alkaloids in a number of cacti, but only those of Anhalonium spp. have been fully investigated. Heyl obtained an amorphous base, pilocereine, from Pilocereus sargentianus Ore., and Ducloux extracted from Gymnocalycium gibbosum. Haw., basic material which he regarded as a mixture of the anhalonium bases, anhalonine, lophophorine and mezcaline. 

The processes used in the manufacture of morphine are believed to be still based on that described by the Scottish chemist Gregory,in 1833, with improvements devised by Anderson. A description has been published by Schwyzer, who also deals with the manufactme of codeine, narcotine, cotarnine, and the commercially important morphine derivatives, diamorphine (diacetylmorphine), and ethylmorphine (morphine ethyl ether). More recently Barbier has given an account of processes, based on long experience in the preparation of alkaloids from opium. Kanewskaja has described a process for morphine, narcotine, codeine, thebaine and papaverine, and the same bases are dealt with by Chemnitius, with the addition of narceine, by Busse and Busse, and by Dott. It is of interest to note that a number of processes for the extraction and separation of opium alkaloids have been protected by patent in Soviet Russia. ... 

Special Reactions of Papaverine. Papaverine undergoes a number of reactions, which are of interest as providing methods of synthesis for other alkaloids, of which examples will be found under laudanosine, laudanine, laudanidine, codamine (pp. 187-195), berberine (p. 331), corydaline (p. 284), and glaucine (p. 311). 

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