Cyanogen bromide method

A number of other syntheses of coniine have been effected, of which that of Diels and Alder is of special interest. The initial adduct of pyridine and methyl acetylenedicarboxylate, viz., tetraraethylquinolizine-1 2 3 4-tetracarboxylate (IX) on oxidation with dilute nitric acid is converted into methyl indolizinetricarboxylate (X). This, on hydrolysis and decarboxylation, furnishes indolizine, the octahydro-derivative (XI) of which, also known as octahydropyrrocoline, is converted by the cyanogen bromide method (as applied by Winterfeld and Holschneider to lupinane, p. 123) successively into the broraocyanoamide (XII), cyanoaraide (XIII) and dZ-coniine (XIV). A synthesis of the alkaloid, starting from indolizine (pyrrocoline) is described by Ochiai and Tsuda. ... 

Cyanogen bromide method A,A -Carbonyl diimidazole method Divinylsulfone method Epoxy (bisoxirane) method Ethyldimethylaminopropyl carbodiimide method Eluoromethylpyridinium toluenesulfonate method A-hydroxysuccinimide ester method Schiff base (reductive amination) method Tresyl chloride/tosyl chloride method Sulfhydryls Azalactone method (for azalactone supports)... 

Amine-Reactive Methods Amine groups is often used for the immobilization of proteins and peptides. Specific methods are cyanogen bromide method, reductive amination, N-hydroxysuccinimide technique, and carbonyldiimidazole method. 

Fig. 1. Immobilized enzymes. Covalent binding of an enzyme to an unsubstituted polysaccharide (e.g. Sepharaose) by the cyanogen bromide method.

Alcohol dehydrogenase can be covalently bonded on the surface of a poly-[3-(2-hydroxyethyl)thiophene] electrode by the cyanogen bromide method [111] glucose oxidase is covalently immobilized at the surface of a copolymer electrode from 3-methylthiophene and methyl 3-thienylacetate by the azide method [110] after activation of the carboxyUc groups in the copolymer of 3-methylthiophene and 3-thienylacetic acid by dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, lactate oxidase can be covalently immobilized [109]. This enzyme electrode can be used for the electrochemical analysis of lactic acid (cf. Sect. 6.9). 

Small quantities of nikethamide may be determined by the cyanogen bromide method for nicotinic acid using standards prepared by diluting a 0-1 per cent aqueous solution of nikethamide. 

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