Alkaline metal salt

An important class of expl materials contains metallic fuels and inorganic oxidants. Examples are Tritonal (TNT/A1, 80/20), Amatols (TNT/AN, 28/80 80/20), and Minol-2 (TNT/AN/A1, 40/40/20). Oxidants other than nitrates, such as chlorates and perchlorates, may be employed. Water solns containing these cations are highly corrosive to metals. Alkaline metal salts, for example, in the presence of moisture, will pit A1 quickly (Ref 6)... 

The preparation of di-w-butyl ether is illustrative (Scheme 2.6). No reaction occurred with n-butanol alone for 2 h at 200 °C. However, in the presence of 10 mol % n-butyl bromide, 26% conversion of the alcohol to the ether was obtained after 1 h, without apparent depletion of the catalyst. It is known that addition of alkaline metal salts can accelerate solvolytic processes, including the rate of ionization of RX [41]. This was confirmed when the introduction of LiBr (10 mol %) along with n-butyl bromide, afforded a conversion of 54% after 1 h at 200 °C. Ethers incorporating a secondary butyl moiety were not detected, precluding mechanisms involving elimination followed by Markovnikov addition. 

The variety of functions of the catalyst is pronounced, in particular, in the technological catalytic oxidation of -paraffins to aliphatic acids [5]. This technology consists of several stages among which the central place is occupied by oxidation. It is conducted at 380 420 K in a series of reactors, with a mixture of salts of aliphatic acids of K+ and Mn2+ or Na+ and Mn2+ as the catalyst. The alkaline metal salt stabilizes (makes it more soluble and stable) the manganese salt [152]. Studies have revealed the multifunctional role of the catalyst (manganese ions) (Mn) [152-154]. 

Alkaline metal salts of the complexes [BeL2]2 are relatively easy to obtain as crystals some structural data are given in Table XII. Deviations from the regular tetrahedral structure are most marked with... 

Hexafluoroisopropylidene-unit-containing aromatic poly(ether ketone)s were first synthesized from an alkaline metal salt of Bisphenol AF (1) and 4,4 -difluoro-benzophenone.14 Cassidy and co-workers prepared hexafluoroisopropylidene-unit-containing poly(ether ketone)s by condensing 2,2-bis[4-(4-fluorobenzoyl)-phenyl]-l,l,l,3,3,3-hexafluoropropane (9) and 2,2-bis[4-(4-fluorobenzoyl)-phenyljpropane (10) with Bisphenol AF (1) or Bisphenol A (4) (Scheme 7).15 The reactions are nucleophilic aromatic displacements and were conducted in DMAc at 155- 160°C with an excess of anhydrous potassium carbonate. After 3 to 6 h of reaction, high-molecular-weight poly(ketone)s are obtained in high yields. 

Details of the preparations of numerous dithiophosphoric acids have been reported m,66,68,7o,79,84,8s,199-201,204-211) Ammonium, alkali and alkaline metal salts of the acids can be obtained by neutralization of the acids with hydroxides or carbonates 200,204,212-215) -phe sodium salts are probably best prepared by the procedure described by Makens, Vaughan and Chelberg... 

Titanium metal also can be produced by electrolytic methods. In electrolysis, fused mixtures of titanium tetrachloride or lower chlorides with alkaline earth metal chlorides are electrolyzed to produce metal. Also, pure titanium can be prepared from electrolysis of titanium dioxide in a fused bath of calcium-, magnesium- or alkali metal fluorides. Other alkali or alkaline metal salts can be substituted for halides in these fused baths. Other titanium com-pouds that have been employed successfully in electrolytic titanium production include sodium fluotitanate and potassium fluotitanate. 

Tilley and coworkers have recently succeeded in the synthesis of isolated germa-cyclopentadienide derivatives, [C4Me4GeSi(SiMe3)3] M+, as the alkaline metal salts (M = Li, K) via a deprotonation reaction192, as outlined in equation 77. 

Scheme 5 Complexation of chiral liquid crystals 8 and 10 with alkaline metal salts...

In summary, metallomesogens of crown ethers are interesting compounds that combine a variety of properties (1) appropriate metal centers can show luminescence, (2) all properties can be tuned by the addition of alkaline metal salts to the crown ether, and (3) ordered, liquid crystalline phases are possible. With these hybrid materials, interesting applications can be foreseen in the near future. 

In alkaline metal salts, hyponitrite-ion N202 was detected using IR-spectroscopy technique (by the presence of intensive absorption bands at 500 and 1000 cm l) [171] and from qualitative reactions. 

Boric acid ester salts can be formed by reacting alcohols (including diols) with boric acid in the presence of alkaline metal salts. The surface modification of poly(vinyl alcohol) and poly(ethylene-co-vinyl alcohol) with boric acid and sodium hydroxide leads to... 

Trivalent chromium compounds, with the exception of acetate, hexahydrate of chloride, and nitrate salts, are generally insoluble in water (Table 3-2). Some hexavalent compounds, such as chromium(VI) oxide (or chromic acid), and the ammonium and alkali metal salts (e.g., sodium and potassium) of chromic acid are readily soluble in water. The alkaline metal salts (e.g., calcium, strontium) of chromic acid are less soluble in water. The zinc and lead salts of chromic acid are practically insoluble in cold water (Table 3-2). The hexavalent chromium compounds are reduced to the trivalent form in the presence of oxidizable organic matter. However, in natural waters where there is a low concentration of reducing materials, hexavalent chromium compounds are more stable (EPA 1984a). 

The alkaline metal salts 2 of the carbonyl system 1 are characterized by the problem of enolate ion ambidentitv1 26 (equation 1). The lithium enolate hybrid 3 is one extreme... 

Schlosser, M., Christmann, K. F., Piskala, A. Olefinatlon reactions with phosphorus ylides. II. P-Oxido phosphorus ylides in the presence and absence of soluble alkaline metal salts. Chem. Ber. 1970, 103, 2814-2820. 

Concerning the cyanating agent, hydrogen cyanide and its alkaline metal salts are frequently used to effect cyanation in the presence of a catalytic or a stoichiometric amount of a base, such as amines, phosphines, and metal alkoxides. Acetone cyanohydrin, which serves as an alternative to hydrogen cyanide, also promotes the cyanation of carbonyl and imino compounds (transhydrocyanation) to yield the corresponding cyanohydrins or aminonitriles along with the formation of acetone. 

This hitherto neglected area is now receiving major attention and the crystalline structures of many common and uncommon bile acids [43,44,48,49], their alkaline and alkaline metal salts [7,51,53] have been defined. Choleic acids have been the subject of much activity in this field. A summary of the earlier work on choleic acids can be found in Sobotka [42] and Small [5]. 

Cyanuric chloride is first reacted with an aliphatic amine in the presence of an acid acceptor, and 2,4-dichloro-6-alkylamino-jr- triazine, obtained as an intermediate product, is then converted with alkylmercaptan (in the presence of an acid acceptor, or with the alkaline-metal salt of alkylmercaptan) to 2-alkylmercapto-4-chloro-6-alkylamino- -triazine. The end-product is then obtained by the coupling of this intermediate with alkylamine. 

T. Sata, A. Nakahara, T. Oda and S. Matsuura and N. Kuramoto, Electrolysis method of alkaline metal salt solution, Jpn. Pat. JP 56-54067 (examined application). 

The forth case is related to the fact that with most anionic surfactants, alkaline metal salts are more dissociated than their bivalent cation counterparts. Thus, the calcium or magnesium salts are less hydrophilic. This is also true for nonionic surfactants, although to a much lesser degree. 

Scheme 2 Selective extraction of LiCl from an aqueous solution containing a large excess of alkali and earth alkaline metal salts using the receptor 12...

Z.-B. Zhou, H. Han, J. Nie, W. Song, H. Zhang, Chin. Patent CN 102786443,2012. Dibasic or tribasic fluoro-containing sulfonylimide alkaline metal salt and ionic Uquid, and application thereof. 

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