Alkali bicarbonates carbonates

Removal of acids from water-immiscible solvents by washing with aqueous alkali, sodium carbonate or sodium bicarbonate. 

In 1888, Turpin prepd a series of cool expls which were permissable, by incorporating materials such as alkali chlorides, Na or K bicarbonate (up to 50% content), fluorides, acetates, oxalates, Ba carbonate. 10H2O, chromates, hyposulfites, stannic acid, boric acid, borates, etc, in the expls listed above eg, a) K chiorate 45, double salt of Ca and K acetochlorate 35, tar 18, charcoal 5, and alkali bicarbonate or oxalate I5ps b) K chlorate 15, double salt of K and Amm chlorobichromate 35 K or Na nitrate 10, tar 18, charcoal 5, and K or Na bicarbonate 15ps... 

In a similar manner, of the isomeric trinitrobenzenes, only the symmetrical 1,3,5-isomer shows sufficient chemical stability for use as an explosive. Even so, the aromatic ring of 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene is highly electron deficient and reaction with alkali metal carbonates or bicarbonates in aqueous boiling methanol yields 3,5-dinitroanisole. Unsymmetrical isomers of trinitrobenzene are much more reactive than the 1,3,5-isomer, with only relatively mild conditions needed to effect the displacement of their nitro groups. ... 

Nickel carbonate forms many double salts, such as, Na2COs NiCOs IOH2O with alkali metal carbonates. However, such double carbonates usually are prepared by mixing an alkali metal or ammonium bicarbonate solution with a nickel salt solution, followed by crystallization. 

Rubidium also may be recovered by the chlorostannate method. In this method the alkali metal carbonate solution obtained from the mixed alum is treated with carbon dioxide. Most potassium is precipitated as bicarbonate, KHCO3. Addition of hydrochloric acid converts the carbonates to chlorides. The chlorides are converted to chlorostannates by carefully adding stoichiometric quantities of stannic chloride at pH just below 7 ... 

High alkalinity is due to the presence of bicarbonates, carbonates and hydroxides of the alkaline earth and alkali metals, principally calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium. The effect of high alkalinity is to buffer acidity in a soft drink, resulting in the creation of a bland taste, ft is essential therefore to maintain a consistent alkalinity level. The majority of manufacturers aim for below 50 mg/1 as CaC03. Alkalinity may be reduced by coagulation treatment or by ion exchange. 

Saccharin is soluble at 20°, in 290 parts of water, in 30 parts of alcohol, in 12 parts of acetone, in 50 parts of glycerol, in about 25 parts of boiling water. It is very slightly soluble in ether and chloroform soluble in dilute ammonia solution, and in solutions of alkali bicarbonates with evolution of carbon dioxide (9). Its aqueous solution is acid to litmus (2). On alkaline and acid hydrolysis saccharin gives rise to 0-sulphamoyl-benzoic acid and ammonium 0-sulphobenzoic acid respectively (2). 

The resulting Soln. C is a predominantly NaCl solution similar to terrestrial seawater (Soln. D, Table 5.3). Had we chosen a concentration factor of 600-fold, the agreement would have been even better. In any case, the concentration factor is arbitrary. The point is that simple processes, starting with a dilute Fe-Mg-HC03-rich solution formed by reaction of water with ultra-mafic and mafic rocks, evaporation, and carbonate precipitation, converted the solution into an Earth-like seawater NaCl brine. The Na/Mg ratio of solution C is 9.9, while terrestrial seawater has a Na/Mg ratio of 8.8 (Soln. 5.3D). Note also the similar pH values (8.03 and 8.05, Table 5.3). This solution did not (cannot) evolve into an alkali soda-lake composition as some have hypothesized or assumed for Mars (e.g., Kempe and Kazmierczak 1997 Morse and Marion 1999) because the mass of hypothesized soluble iron and magnesium and the low solubility of their respective carbonate minerals are sufficient to precipitate most of the initial soluble bicarbonate/carbonate ions. 

Solutions of the alkali metal carbonates are just basic to phenolphthalein, whereas solutions of the alkali metal bicarbonates are just basic to methyl orange. It is thus possible to estimate both carbonate and bicarbonate in the same solution. Consider the five different solutions as treated below show how the analytical data indicate the number of millimoles of OH", COf , and HCOy present in each. 

Effervescents comprise a soluble organic acid and an alkali metal carbonate salt. Citric acid is most commonly used for its flavor-enhancing properties. Malic acid imparts a smoother after taste and fumaric, ascorbic, adipic, and tartaric acids are less commonly used [14], Sodium bicarbonate is the most common alkali, but potassium bicarbonate can be used if sodium levels are a potential issue with the formulation. Both sodium and potassium carbonate can also be employed. Other excipients include water-soluble binders such as dextrose or lactose, and binder levels are kept to a minimum to avoid retardation of disintegration. All ingredients must be anhydrous to prevent the components within the formulation reacting with each other during storage. 

Soluble 1 in 290 of water, 1 in 30 of ethanol, and 1 in 12 of acetone slightly soluble in chloroform and ether readily soluble in dilute ammonia solution and in solutions of alkali hydroxides and, with the evolution of carbon dioxide, in solutions of alkali bicarbonates and carbonates. 

Lozenges These are compressed tablets formulated, without a disintegrant and must be allowed to dissolve in the mouth. They are used for local activity (throat lozenges) or for systemic effect (vitamins). Effervescent tablets These tablets undergo quick dissolution of actives in water due to internal liberation of carbon dioxide. By combining alkali metal carbonates or bicarbonates with tartaric or citric acid, carbon dioxide is liberated when placed in water. 

J A Celia, S W Bacon. Preparation of dialkyl carbonates via phase-transfer-catalyzed alkylation of alkali metal carbonate and bicarbonate salts. J. Org. Chem 49 1122-1125, 1984. 

Aqueous alkali or basic medium is generally used as the catalyst for the preparation of epoxy resins. Useful base compounds include alkali and alkaline earth metal bicarbonates, carbonates, hydroxides or hydrides or alkoxides. A few of such compounds are sodium carbonate (Na2C03), potassium carbonate (K2CO3), lithium carbonate (Li2C03), calcium carbonate (CaC03), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), potassium hydroxide (KOH), lithium hydroxide (LiOH), calcium hydroxide (Cao.sOH), sodium bicarbonate (NaHC03), potassium bicarbonate (KHCO3), lithium bicarbonate... 

The effect of compatibility, morphology, rfieology, mechanical properties of mixes of polysulfones and liquid-crystal polymers are studied in Refs. [203-205]. There are several contributions on the methods of synthesizing of copolymers of polysulfones and polyesterketones and on the production of mixes [206-210]. The method for the synthesis of aromatie copolyestersulfoneketones proposed in Ref. [206] allows one to decrease the number of components used, to lower the demands to the concentration of moist in them and to increase the safety of the process. The method is in the interaction without aseotropoformer in envirorunent of dimethylsul-fone of bisphenols, dihaloydarylenesulfones and (or) dihaloydarylenek-etones and alkali agents in the shape of crystallohydrated of alkali metal carbonated and bicarbonates. All components used are applicable without preliminary drying. 

In a memoir on spathic iron ore (ferrous carbonate) read in June 1774, Bayen showed that the mineral on heating or dissolving in acids lost what the English call fixed air . He used Hales s apparatus, measuring the elastic fluid or gas (gaz) evolved, which he found was absorbed by fixed alkali (potassium carbonate) to form a crystalline salt (potassium bicarbonate). He concluded that the mineral is a compound of i part of fixed air or gas and 3 parts of metallic iron, but it is really a compound of i part of fixed air and i -6 of ferrous oxide. 

DuhameP showed that trees could be grown in filtered and in distilled water, thus repeating Van Helmont s experiment. In a memoir on lime he showed that lime water is precipitated by a solution of mild alkali (potassium carbonate), which he attributed to the union of an acid in the lime with an earth in the alkali. He obtained crystals of potassium bicarbonate (cf. Cavendish, p. 317). He found that limestone lost nearly half its weight on burning to quicklime, but regained part on slaking by exposure to air, but a loss of 5 J oz. per lb. remained. This memoir was specially noticed by Lavoisier. ... 

Tb-e best method is the addition of an exact quantity of sodium bicarbonate (acid sodium carbonate), which converts the caustic alkali into carbonate. The reaction may be expressed by the equation —... 

Carbonation of Electrolyte. Carbon dioxide, which is present in the atmosphere at a concentration of approximately 0.04%, reacts with an alkaline solution (electrolyte) to form an alkali metal carbonate and bicarbonate. Zinc/air batteries can be satisfactorily discharged using a carbonated electrolyte, but there are two disadvantages of extreme carbonation (1) vapor pressure of the electrolyte is increased, aggravating water vapor loss in low-humidity conditions, and (2) crystals of carbonate formed in the cathode stracture may impede air access, eventually causing cathode damage with subsequent deterioration of cathode performance. As indicated in Fig. 13.16 carbonation must be extreme to be detrimental to cell performance in most applications. ... 

Dilute sodium hydroxide solution (and also sodium carbonate solution and sodium bicarbonate solution) can be employed for the removal of an organic acid from its solution in an organic solvent, or for the removal of acidic impurities present in a water-insoluble solid or liquid. The extraction is based upon the fact that the sodium salt of the acid is soluble in water or in dilute alkali, but is insoluble in the organic solvent. Similarly, a sparingly soluble phenol, e.g., p-naphthol, CioH,.OH, may be removed from its solution in an organic solvent by treatment with sodium hydroxide solution. 

At Lake Texcoco, Mexico, bicarbonate is available in the alkaline waters from soda ash [497-19-8] (sodium carbonate) deposits (see Alkali and CHLORINE products). This supply of carbon is adequate for growing Spirulina maxima which tolerates alkaline pH values in the range 9—11 (37,38). Combustion gases have been used to grow this organism, but this carbon source is not available in many regions (49). 

Sodium bicarbonate may be prepared by the ammonia-salt (Solvay) process. Carbon dioxide is passed through a solution of sodium chloride in ammonia water. Sodium bicarbonate is precipitated and the ammonium chloride remains in solution. The ammonium chloride is heated with lime to regenerate ammonia (see Alkali AND CHLORINE PRODUCTS). 

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