Alkali soda

The celebrated Mr. Klaproth of Berlin, said Dr. Kennedy, has already shown that pot-ash enters into the composition of several stony substances, and by the experiments described in this paper, the other fixed alkali, soda, has also been proved to exist in mineral bodies, as it has been separated from nine different varieties. . . (25). 

Georg Ernst Stahl distinguished between the natural and artificial alkalies (soda and potash) as early as 1702, and noted that certain... 

Henri-Louis du Hamel (or Duhamel) du Monceau, 1700—1782. French chemist and agriculturist who proved in 1736 that the mineral alkali (soda) is a constituent of common salt, of Glauber s salt, and of borax With his brother, M. de Denarn-villiers, he carried out important experiments in plant nutrition on their estate... 

G. E. Stahl distinguishes between the natural and the artificial alkali (soda and potash). 

The resulting Soln. C is a predominantly NaCl solution similar to terrestrial seawater (Soln. D, Table 5.3). Had we chosen a concentration factor of 600-fold, the agreement would have been even better. In any case, the concentration factor is arbitrary. The point is that simple processes, starting with a dilute Fe-Mg-HC03-rich solution formed by reaction of water with ultra-mafic and mafic rocks, evaporation, and carbonate precipitation, converted the solution into an Earth-like seawater NaCl brine. The Na/Mg ratio of solution C is 9.9, while terrestrial seawater has a Na/Mg ratio of 8.8 (Soln. 5.3D). Note also the similar pH values (8.03 and 8.05, Table 5.3). This solution did not (cannot) evolve into an alkali soda-lake composition as some have hypothesized or assumed for Mars (e.g., Kempe and Kazmierczak 1997 Morse and Marion 1999) because the mass of hypothesized soluble iron and magnesium and the low solubility of their respective carbonate minerals are sufficient to precipitate most of the initial soluble bicarbonate/carbonate ions. 

Synonyms Caustic alkali, Caustic soda, Hydrate of soda, Hydrated oxide of sodium, Mineral alkali, Soda lye, Sodic hydrate, Sodium hydrate. 

An immediate fruit of this new way of identifying different substances was a rapid increase in the number of known salts, and indeed of new substances of every sort. Different alkaline earths were identified, and chemists discovered that there were two distinct caustic alkalis (soda and potash). New acids, new... 

Fig. 7-25. Main reactions of the phenolic /8-aryl ether structures during alkali (soda) and kraft pulping (Gierer, 1970). R = H, alkyl, or aryl group. The first step involves formation of a quinone methide intermediate (2). In alkali pulping intermediate (2) undergoes proton or formaldehyde elimination and is converted to styryl aryl ether structure (3a). During kraft pulping intermediate (2) is instead attacked by the nucleophilic hydrosulfide ions with formation of a thiirane structure (4) and simultaneous cleavage of the /3-aryl ether bond. Intermediate (5) reacts further either via a 1,4-dithiane dimer or directly to compounds of styrene type (6) and to complicated polymeric products (P). During these reactions most of the organically bound sulfur is eliminated as elemental sulfur.

Tests for Potassa. Potassa may be distinguished from the other fixed alkalies (soda and lithia), by affording, when in solution, a white crystalline precipitate (cream of tartar) with an excess of tartaric acid and a yellow one with bichloride of platinum. The flame of burning alcohol containing potassa has a reddish tint soda colors it vellow,... 

Reductive after-scouring, typically with alkali (soda ash or caustic) and hydrosulfite, is a common practice on polyester and polyester-cotton blends. This is done to remove fugitive disperse dye from the surface of the cotton component of the blend. This discharge of hydrosulfite can cause high immediate oxygen demand, as well as shock loading of waste treatment systems [55]. New diester disperse dyes require only alkaline (not reductive) after-clearing. 

He showed,after Boulduc (see p. 49), that Seignette s or Rochelle salt (potassium sodium tartrate) is a compound of tartar and Ahcante alkali (soda) and that the base of common salt is a constituent of borax, Glauber s salt and boric acid being formed by the action of sulphuric acid on borax and he described the green flame of a solution of boric acid in alcohol. 

Alkali from all plants is the same. The mineral alkali (soda) is really contained in some plants, from which it is obtained on combustion. Although the volatile alkali (ammonia) may be obtained from some plants by dry distillation or from mushrooms, it is possible that it may have come from animal debris, and its source must (apart from volcanic sal ammoniac) be sought in the animal kingdom, in which it exists tout forme , or is formed by putrefaction, which (in spite of Boerhaave s distinction) is a species of fermentation, an internal spontaneous movement giving different products. Volatile alkali is rich in phlogiston and precipitates metals it liberates inflammable air from zinc. ... 

Carbonated Alkali Soda Ash).—The total or available alkali is, of course, the chief factor to be ascertained, and for this purpose it is convenient to weigh out 3 1 grammes of the sample, dissolve in 50 c.c. water, and titrate with N/1 sulphuric or hydrochloric acid, using methyl orange as indicator. Each c.c. of N/1 acid required represents 1 per cent. Na O in the sample under examination. 

Gex>rg Ernst Stahl is well known as one of the founders of the phlogiston theory. He became a professor of chemistry at the U niversity of Halle, Germany in 1693 and Royal physician in Berhn in 1716. As early as 1702 he had distinguished between natural alkali (soda) and artificial alkali (potash) after observing the differences in crystal form between their reaction products with nitric acid and sulfuric acid. 

During the early growth of the chemical industry in England the risks associated with the production of alkali (soda) were the focus of public attention, and led to the passing of the Alkali Act of 1863, primarily concerned with acidic gases. In Germany, by contrast, criticism of the chemical industry was focused on fluid emissions. There was, indeed, also discussion of industrial gaseous emissions - to... 

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