Ethylene derivatives alcohols

Sodium alcohol Ethylene derivs. from sulfones and halides... 

Since double bonds are no longer present, these compounds are more stable than the corresponding furan derivatives. Tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol—ethylene oxide adducts [31692-85-0] are also usehil solvents for paint stripping formulations (136,141,143). 2-Methylfuran is a good solvent, but... 

The most important derivatives of the carboxyl group are formed by esterification with monohydric or polyhydric alcohols. Typical alcohols used iaclude methyl alcohol, ethylene glycol, glycerol, and pentaerythritol. These rosia esters have a wide range of softening poiats and compatibiUties. 

Alkylation of aluminum with ethyleae yields products that fiad appHcatioa as iaitiators and starter compounds ia the productioa of a-olefias and linear primary alcohols, as polymerization catalysts, and ia the syathesis of some monomers like 1,4-hexadieae. Triethyl aluminum [97-93-8] A1(C2H3)2, is the most important of the ethylene-derived aluminum alkyls. 

Higher alcohols have more than three carbon atoms. Examples are the dihydric alcohol, ethylene glycol used for antifreeze, brake fluids and as derivatives in resins, paints " " osives, and polyester fibers. Reactions with propylene make propylene glycol, a moistening ag foods and tobacco. 

Monoester salts of phosphoric acid derived from fatty alcohol ethylene oxide adduct or alkylphenol ethylene oxide adduct useful as surfactants are prepared by addition of R(OCH2CH2) OH, alkali fluoride and (C12P0)20 in a molar ratio of 0.9-1.5 0.05-1 1.0 at -50 to + 10°C and hydrolysis of the Cl-containing intermediates with a base. The monoester phosphates showed comparable or better washing and foaming efficiency than commercial products [12]. 

The rate of eh reaction with ethylene is low, 106 M-1s-1. An electron-donating group adjacent to NH2 or OH makes the rate very low. Similarly, an electron-accepting group enhances the rate as in the case of pyrrole, vinyl alcohol, or ethylene derivatives, where some reactions proceed at diffusion-controlled rates. 

Surfactants can be produced from both petrochemical resources and/or renewable, mostly oleochemical, feedstocks. Crude oil and natural gas make up the first class while palm oil (+kernel oil), tallow and coconut oil are the most relevant representatives of the group of renewable resources. Though the worldwide supplies of crude oil and natural gas are limited—estimated in 1996 at 131 X 1091 and 77 X 109 m3, respectively [28]—it is not expected that this will cause concern in the coming decades or even until the next century. In this respect it should be stressed that surfactant products only represent 1.5% of all petrochemical uses. Regarding the petrochemically derived raw materials, the main starting products comprise ethylene, n-paraffins and benzene obtained from crude oil by industrial processes such as distillation, cracking and adsorption/desorption. The primary products are subsequently converted to a series of intermediates like a-olefins, oxo-alcohols, primary alcohols, ethylene oxide and alkyl benzenes, which are then further modified to yield the desired surfactants. 

About 10 million gallons of the fermentation alcohol is derived from wastes such as sulfite liquor or whey, but the balance presently depends on damaged grain or sugar, crop surpluses and molasses. Relative costs of ethylene and carbohydrates will change this in a few years, but no reversal to ethanol-based ethylene is likely in this country for much longer, perhaps through 1990. ... 

Correlation equations relating surfactant chemical structure to performance characteristics and physical properties have been established. One atmosphere foaming properties of alcohol ethoxyl-ates and alcohol ethoxylate derivatives have been related to surfactant hydrophobe carbon chain length, ethylene oxide content, aqueous phase salinity, and temperature. Similar correlations have been established for critical micelle concentration, surfactant cloud point, and surfactant adsorption. 

Examination of the data summarized in Table 2 indicated that, for a constant hydrophobe carbon number (HCN), foam stability generally increased as the number of ethylene oxide (EO) groups in the surfactant was increased. This was true for alcohol ethoxylates and three classes of alcohol ethoxylate derivatives. Data reported in references 5 and 11 is consistent with this observation. 

Foaming properties of alcohol ethoxylates and alcohol ethoxylate derivatives are related to chemical structure features such as hydrophobe size and linearity, ethylene oxide chain length, and the terminating group at the end of the ethylene oxide chain. Foaming properties may be mathematically related to chemical structure parameters using multiple correlation analysis. ... 

Several interesting derivatives of tpy have been prepared in which a ferrocene is linked to the 4 -position. The condensation of ferrocene carbaldehyde with 2-acetyl pyridine leads to the parent system (31a).34 Alternatively, l,5-bis(2-pyridyl)-3-(ferrocenyl)pentane-l,5-dione may be easily prepared in 77% yield, and subsequent treatment with ammonium acetate provides a 78% yield of (31a).35 If ferrocene l,l -dicarbaldehyde is used in the first procedure, the bisterpyridyl ferrocene can be synthesized.36 Addition of the anion derived from (25i) to ferrocene carbaldehyde affords the alcohol (31b), which can be dehydrated to the ethylene derivative (31c).37 Coupling of alkynyl ferrocene with the bromo-derivative (25e) leads to a tpy linked to ferrocene by a phenylacetylene bridge (31d).38... 

The subscripts ale, e and w refer to alcohol, ethylene and water, respectively. The term in pressures is usually written Kp, and the partial pressures are derived from the total pressure multiplied by mole fraction. The expression in activity coefficients, because of its similarity in form to Kp, is often abbreviated Ky it is not of course an equilibrium constant. In short, we may write K=KpKr The activity coefficients are determined from the generalized chart shown as Fig. 7.7, from known or estimated pressures. However, to start with we know only K and the total pressure, and must estimate starting values of each pressure in order to find values for y in each case. We can then estimate Kp as K/ffi and calculate equilibrium pressures once more. If the new values for y are appreciably different, then another iteration (calculation) is called for. The approach is similar to that of a golfer approaching his hole he arrives by successive approximation. Let us see how this works out in practice. 

The common names for alcohols are derived from the alkyl group corresponding to the parent compound. The name of the alkyl group is followed by the word alcohol. For some alcohols, such as ethylene glycol and glycerol, historical names are used. The following examples provide the l.U.P.A.C. and common names of several alcohols ... 

Hydrogenation of ethylene derivatives s. 3, 610 Selective hydrogenation and reduction Ketones and ethylene sec. alcohols from ethylene ketones s. 4, 67 C C —>- CHCH... 

Ethylene derivatives from carboxylic acids via alcohols... 

The adduct obtained with diethylnitrosamine is the same as that obtained with ethylene.50 Ethylene formation from diethylnitrosamine has not been reported but alkyl alcohols, which derive from the cationic Intermediates required for olefin formation, are known as metabolites of dialkyInitro-samines.51 Heme alkylation by dimethylnitrosamine must, in any case, involve a species other than an olefin metabolite. 9... 

PotassiumI alcohol Amines or alkoxy compounds from ethylene derivatives Effect of solvent... 

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