Ethylene derivs alcohols

Ethylene-derived alcohols were first produced in the early 1960s by two main processes. The hydroformylation process and the Ziegler chemistry are the most important commercial rontes today. The Ziegler process involves three basic steps (1) addition of ethylene to triethylalnmi-num to build the higher molecular weight trialkylaluminum called the ethylene growth product,... 

Alkylation of aluminum with ethyleae yields products that fiad appHcatioa as iaitiators and starter compounds ia the productioa of a-olefias and linear primary alcohols, as polymerization catalysts, and ia the syathesis of some monomers like 1,4-hexadieae. Triethyl aluminum [97-93-8] A1(C2H3)2, is the most important of the ethylene-derived aluminum alkyls. 

In addition to the above materials a number of copolymers containing vinyl acetate have been marketed. Ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymers are discussed in Chapter 11 and vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymers in Chapter 12. On the other hand, the commercial ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymers, although derived from EVA, are considered briefly in this chapter since in weight terms the ethylene component is usually the minor one. 

The rate of eh reaction with ethylene is low, 106 M-1s-1. An electron-donating group adjacent to NH2 or OH makes the rate very low. Similarly, an electron-accepting group enhances the rate as in the case of pyrrole, vinyl alcohol, or ethylene derivatives, where some reactions proceed at diffusion-controlled rates. 

One of the PVA derivatives extensively used in this field is ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH). Their blends with different polyolefins are also effective as oxigen barrier materials. 

Hydroformylation - [CARBON MONOXIDE] (Vol 5) - [OXO PROCESS] (Vol 17) -of allyl alcohol [ALLYL ALCOHOL AND MONOALLYL DERIVATIVES] (Vol 2) -catalysts for [CATALYSIS] (Vol 5) -C-19 dicarboxylic acids from [DICARBOXYLIC ACIDS] (Vol 8) -of ethylene [ETHYLENE] (Vol 9) -of ethylene [PROPYL ALCOHOLS - N-PROPYLALCOLHOL] (Vol 20) -of maleate and fumarate esters [MALEIC ANHYDRIDE, MALEIC ACID AND FUMARIC ACID] (Vol 15) -phosphine catalyst [PHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS] (Vol 18) -platinum-group metal catalysts for [PLATINUM-GROUP METALS] (Vol 19) -rhodium catalysis [PLATINUM-GROUP METALS, COMPOUNDS] (Vol 19) -ruthenium cmpds or catalyst [PLATINUM-GROUP METALS, COMPOUNDS] (Vol 19) -use of coordination compounds [COORDINATION COMPOUNDS] (Vol 7)... 

Petrochemical-derived alcohols use a wider range of chemistry but, in each case, an olefin is the starting point. The olefins maybe derived from n-paraffins which give internal olefins, or more linear a-olefins from ethylene oligomerisation. The olefins are converted to alcohols using the oxo process (see Figure 4.16). 

Theories of Formation of Benzene, etc.—Theories of the formation of these benzene products in the distillation of coal have been investigated principally by Berthelot, and his conclusions are, in general In the first place, coal decomposes by heat yielding simple paraffin compounds such as methane, ethylene, acetylene, alcohol, acetic acid, etc. These compounds when subjected to higher temperatures polymerize into benzene, and the higher hydrocarbons naphthalene, anthracene, phenanthrene, etc., and into derivatives of these such as phenol, aniline, pyridine, etc. 

Several interesting derivatives of tpy have been prepared in which a ferrocene is linked to the 4 -position. The condensation of ferrocene carbaldehyde with 2-acetyl pyridine leads to the parent system (31a).34 Alternatively, l,5-bis(2-pyridyl)-3-(ferrocenyl)pentane-l,5-dione may be easily prepared in 77% yield, and subsequent treatment with ammonium acetate provides a 78% yield of (31a).35 If ferrocene l,l -dicarbaldehyde is used in the first procedure, the bisterpyridyl ferrocene can be synthesized.36 Addition of the anion derived from (25i) to ferrocene carbaldehyde affords the alcohol (31b), which can be dehydrated to the ethylene derivative (31c).37 Coupling of alkynyl ferrocene with the bromo-derivative (25e) leads to a tpy linked to ferrocene by a phenylacetylene bridge (31d).38... 

Hydrogenation of ethylene derivatives s. 3, 610 Selective hydrogenation and reduction Ketones and ethylene sec. alcohols from ethylene ketones s. 4, 67 C C —>- CHCH... 

Ethylene derivatives from carboxylic acids via alcohols... 

PotassiumI alcohol Amines or alkoxy compounds from ethylene derivatives Effect of solvent... 

Other recent examples inclnde the pnrihcation of an IgGl monoclonal antibody nsing a poly(ethylene vinyl alcohol) hollow-hber membrane with immobilized metal ions [242] and the pnrihcation on laboratory scale of cell-culture-derived inhuenza virus A/Puerto Rico/8/34 using zinc-mod-ihed IDA membrane adsorbers [243], However, preliminary resnlts with other virns strains indicated clearly a strong strain dependency for viral adsorption. 

Borane-hydrogen peroxide sodium hydroxide Alcohols from ethylene derivs. 

Chromium(III) sulfate Alcohols from ethylene derivatives... 

Sodium alcohol Phosphonic acid esters from dialkyl phosphites and ethylene derivs. 

Acetic anhydride I potassium hydroxide Preferential dehydration of alcohols frans-Ethylene derivatives from alcohols... 

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