Alcohols, Aldehydes, Ketones, Ethers, and Amines

Alcohols, carboxylic acids, aldehydes, ketones, ethers and amines are further examples of basic substances in the liquid hydrogen fluoride solvent system. 

Chemical Properties. A combination of excellent chemical and mechanical properties at elevated temperatures result in high performance service in the chemical processing industry. Teflon PEA resins have been exposed to a variety of organic and inorganic compounds commonly encountered in chemical service (26). They are not attacked by inorganic acids, bases, halogens, metal salt solutions, organic acids, and anhydrides. Aromatic and ahphatic hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, ethers, amines, esters, chlorinated compounds, and other polymer solvents have Httle effect. However, like other perfluorinated polymers,they react with alkah metals and elemental fluorine. 

Write out in the form of a table the behavior of unsaturated compounds, hydrocarbons, acids, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, ethers, esters, anhydrides, amines, amides, and halogen compounds with the following reagents water, cold solution of sodium hydroxide, hot solution of sodium hydroxide, dilute hydrochloric acid, cold concentrated sulphuric acid, acetyl chloride, sodium, bromine, solution of sodium carbonate, and phenyl-hydrazine. 

RCOX, SF4, X2, HOX, or RX with alcohols, ethers, diazonium compounds, Grignard reagents, silver salts of acids, acids, amides, aromatic compounds, aldehydes, ketones, olefins, and amines. Many other organic compounds also undergo these reactions. 

Iron(III) chloride forms numerous addition compounds, especially with organic molecules which contain donor atoms, for example ethers, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones and amines. Anhydrous iron(III) chloride is soluble in, for example, ether, and can be extracted into this solvent from water the extraction is more effective in presence of chloride ion. Of other iron(III) halides, iron(III) bromide and iron(III) iodide decompose rather readily into the +2 halide and halogen. 

The solubility of most metals is much higher when they exist as organometallic complexes.4445 Naturally occurring chemicals that can partially complex with metal compounds and increase the solubility of the metal include aliphatic acids, aromatic acids, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, amines, aromatic hydrocarbons, esters, ethers, and phenols. Several complexation processes, including chelation and hydration, can occur in the deep-well environment. 

Was this your answer Acetaldehyde aldehyde penicillin G amide (two amide groups), carboxylic acid testosterone alconol and ketone morphine alcohol, phenol, ether, and amine. 

Although, at that time, the term supramolecular chemistry had not yet been coined, the practical potential for inclusion complexation for acetylene alcohol guests 1 and 2 was recognized back in 1968 [12], Spectroscopic studies showed that 1 and 2 formed molecular complexes with numerous hydrogen-bond donors and acceptors, i.e. ketones, aldehydes, esters, ethers, amides, amines nitriles, sulfoxides and sulfides. Additionally, 1 formed 1 1 complexes with several n-donors, such as derivatives of cyclohexene, phenylacetylene, benzene, toluene, etc. The complexation process investigated by IR spectrometry revealed the presence of OH absorption bands at lower frequencies than those for uncomplexed 1 and 2 [12], These data, followed by X-ray studies, confirmed that the formation of intermolecular hydrogen bonds is the driving force for the creation of complexes [13],... 

Urea forms an isomorphous series of crystalline non-stoichiometric inclusion compounds with n-alkanes and their derivatives (including alcohols, esters, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, amines, nitriles, thioalcohols, and thioethers), provided that their main chain contains six or more carbon atoms. 

Iron(III) chloride, and other simple salts, react with a range of organic ligands such as alcohols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, amides, sulfoxides, amine and phosphine oxides, etc. The structures of many of these complexes are unknown some appear to be simple addition compounds while others have salt structures. 

The subsections that follow briefly describe nine different classes of organic compounds organic halides, alcohols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, acids, esters, amines, and amides. 

The hydrated electron may be visualized as a localized electron surrounded by oriented water molecules. As mentioned earlier, it reacts by adding into a vacant orbital on the acceptor molecule or ion (Eq. 2). Rate constants for this reaction range from 19 dm mol s for S = H2O up to the diffusion-controlled limit, but the activation energy is invariably small (6-30 kJ mol" ) this indicates that the entropy of activation is the dominant kinetic parameter. This can be understood in terms of the accessibility to the electron of a vacant orbital on S. Molecules such as water, simple alcohols, ethers, and amines have no low-lying empty orbitals to accommodate an extra electron this explains why solvated electrons have an appreciable lifetime in these solvents. On the other hand, eaq reacts rapidly with organic compounds with low-lying vacant orbitals, for example, most aromatics, halides, aldehydes, ketones, thiols, disulfides, and nitro compounds. 

The Cr-PILC catalyzed benzylic and allylic oxidations also provide a facile approach to the oxidative deprotection of allyl and benzyl ethers and amines. Treatment of allyl or benzyl ethers with one equivalent of tert-butyl hydroperoxide in the presence of Cr-PILC at room temperature resulted in the oxidative cleavage of the allyl- or benzyl-oxygen bond to give the alcohol but when two equivalents of tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) were used, the alcohol was oxidized further to the aldehyde or ketone (Eqn. 21.21).47 Oxidation of allyl amines resulted in the cleavage of the allyl-nitrogen bond to give the des-allyl amine.47 Benzyl amines, however, were oxidized to the benzamides (Eqn. 21.22).45... 

Adsorption TLC selection of the mobile phase is conditioned by sample and stationary-phase polarities. The following polarity scale is valid for various compound classes in NPTLC in decreasing order of K values carboxylic acids>amides>amines>alcohols>aldehydes > ketones > esthers > nitro compounds > ethers > hal-ogenated compounds > aromatics >olefins > saturated hydrocarbons > fluorocarbons. For example, retention on silica gel is controlled by the number and functional groups present in the sample and their spatial locations. Proton donor/acceptor functional groups show the greatest retention, followed by dipolar molecules, and, finally, nonpolar groups. 

Biologically generated aromas are frequently quite complex and include a wide range of polarities. For example, strawberries have been shown to possess more than 350 volatile compounds ( 1). In addition, the classes of compounds frequently encountered in biological materials includes alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, esters, ethers, sulfides, mercaptans, amines, aromatic and heterocyclic compounds and hydrocarbons. Representative classes of compounds identified in strawberries are indicated in Table I. 

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