Amines carboxylic acid amides

Isocyanates are quite reactive and they react with compounds which contain active hydrogen such as hydroxy, amine, carboxylic acids, amide, urea, etc. They can also undergo addition reaction ... 

Addition of HCN to acetone to form the cyanohydrin is still the main route to methyl methacrylate. Hydrocyanins can be converted to amino acids as well. The nitrile group can be easily converted to amines, carboxylic acids, amides, etc. Addition to aldehydes and activated alkenes can be done with simple base, but addition to unactivated alkenes requires a transition metal catalyst. The methods of HCN addition have been discussed by Brown [2],... 

In general, polar componnds (e.g., alcohols, thiols, amines, carboxylic acids, amides) tend to dissolve in (polar) protic solvents (e.g., water, alcohols). Nonpolar compounds tend to dissolve in (nonpolar) aprotic solvents (e.g., benzene, petrol, hexane). 

Owing to the presence of many amine, carboxylic acid, amide, and other polar groups, wool and silk are hydrophilic in nature, wetted by water, and are dyed with either acid or basic dyes through the formation of ionic bonds (salt linkages). They may also be dyed with reactive dyes that form covalent bonds with available amino groups. 

Functional Groups aldehydes ketones alcohols alkyl groups and rings carboxylic and phosphoric acids and esters amines carboxylic acids amides carbohydrate heterocyclic bases phosphate esters... 

Most simple covalent compounds whose intermolecular forces are London (dispersion) forces, for example iodine (Figure 4-92) and the halogenoalkanes, are poorly soluble in water, but are soluble in less polar or non-polar solvents. Simple covalent compounds whose intermolecular forces are hydrogen bonds are often soluble in water, for example amines, carboxylic acids, amides and sugars, provided they have relatively low molar mass or can form multiple hydrogen bonds. 

Hofmann s amine synthesis can be applied to both aliphatic and aromatic carboxylic acid amides, benzamide, C HsCONH, thus giving aniline, C4H5NH,. 

Many procedures for the formation of carboxylic acid amides are known in the literature. The most widely practiced method employs carboxylic acid chlorides as the electrophiles which react with the amine in the presence of an acid scavenger. Despite its wide scope, this protocol suffers from several drawbacks. Most notable are the limited stability of many acid chlorides and the need for hazardous reagents for their preparation (thionyl chloride, oxalyl chloride, phosgene etc.) which release corrosive and volatile by-products. Moreover, almost any other functional group in either reaction partner needs to be protected to ensure chemoselective amide formation.2 The procedure outlined above presents a convenient and catalytic alternative to this standard protocol. 

The tertiary amines 303 and the acid chlorides 304 (X = Cl) initially formed acylammonium salts 305, which underwent a von Braun type degradation by an attack of the nucleophilic chloride ion at the allyl system to give allyl chlorides 306/307 and carboxylic acid amide functions. 

Some pairs of functional groups such as alcohol, ester carboxylic acid, ester amine, amide and carboxylic acid, amide can be interconverted by simple reactions. When a member of these groups is the desired product or starting material, the other member should also be consulted in the text. 

Section 315 (Carboxylic Acid - Amide) Section 316 (Carboxylic Acid - Amine) Section 351 (Amine - Ester)... 

Cleavage of all the linkers described above provide a functional group (carboxylic acid, amide, amine, etc) at the anchoring position. Silyl-based handles 71,72, and 73 as well as germanium-based handle 74 insert a C-H bond at the anchoring position and are referred to as traceless (Fig. 15) [82-... 

The Alper group [163] reported on a highly efficient double carbohydroamination for the preparation of a-amino carboxylic acid amides 6/1-345, starting from aryl iodides and a primary amine 6/1-344, in usually high yield (Scheme 6/1.88) both, aryl iodides with electron-donating and electron-withdrawing groups can be used. 

The synthesis of nitriles from halides is valuable in medicinal chemistry because nitriles are flexible building blocks readily converted into carboxylic acids, amides, amines, or a variety of heterocycles, e. g. thiazoles, oxazolidones, triazoles, and tetrazoles. The importance of the tetrazole group in medicinal chemistry is easily understood if we consider that it is the most commonly used bioisostere of the carboxyl group. 

The instability of primary nitramines in acidic solution means that the nitration of the parent amine with nitric acid or its mixtures is not a feasible route to these compounds. The hydrolysis of secondary nitramides is probably the single most important route to primary nitramines. Accordingly, primary nitramines are often prepared by an indirect four step route (1) acylation of a primary amine to an amide, (2) A-nitration to a secondary nitramide, (3) hydrolysis or ammonolysis with aqueous base and (4) subsequent acidification to release the free nitramine (Equation 5.17). Substrates used in these reactions include sulfonamides, carbamates (urethanes), ureas and carboxylic acid amides like acetamides and formamides etc. The nitration of amides and related compounds has been discussed in Section 5.5. 

Carboxylic acids and primary amines react to form carboxylic acid amides (R-NH-CO-R ). The amino acid constituents of peptides and proteins are linked by carboxylic acid amide bonds, which are therefore also known as peptide bonds (see p. 66). 

The compositions consist of a heat-plastified mixture of an ethylene homopolymer or copolymer, about 3 to 30 pbw of an elastomer, a stability control agent, which is a partial ester of a long chain fatty acid with a polyol, higher allyl amine, fatty acid amide or olefinically unsaturated carboxylic acid copolymer, and a hydrocarbon blowing agent having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms and a boiling point between -175 and 50C. 

Dinitrophenyl (DNP) derivatives are useful for the separation and the subsequent MS identification of amines [207]. Most of the derivatives give reasonably intense molecular ions and an ion at m/e 196, which is usually the base peak formed by a-alkyl fission. A similar TLC separation and MS identification is also possible by converting aliphatic amines into 4-nitroazobenzene4-carboxylic acid amides [208]. The molecular ions are relatively intense (the second most abundant ion) and the base peak corresponds in all cases to a fragment at m/e 254. 

Hydrogen bonding (for alcohols, primary and secondary amines, carboxylic acids, and amides)... 

Wool. Wool fibers are comprised mainly of proteins the polypeptide polymers in wool are produced from some 20 alpha-amino acids. The major chemical features of the polypeptide polymer are the amide links, which occur between the amino acids along the polymer chain, and the cystine (sulfur to sulfur) crosslinks, which occur in a random spacing between the polymer chains. The polymer contains many amine, carboxylic acid, and amide groups, which contribute in part to the water-absorbent nature of the fiber. 

It reduces esters or lactones selectively in the presence of several other functional groups such as carboxylic acids, amides, nitriles, and h.iiidcs. Simple amides are not reduced, but tertiary amides are reduced to the correspond,ng tertiary amines. LiB(C H,),H or 9-BBN reduces tertiary amides to the corresponding alcohols. 

In a similar manner amines and carboxylic acid amides give S,S-dimethylsulfilimines and N-acyl-S,S-dimethylsulfilimines, respectively. ... 

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