Brain alcoholism

Ron M. The alcoholic brain CT scan and psychological findings. Psychological medicine monographs (supplement 3). Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 1983. 

Joyce EM (1994) Aetiology of alcoholic brain damage alcoholic neurotoxicity or thiamine malnutrition British Medical Bulletin 50,99-114. 

Martin, P.R., Singleton, C.K., and Hiller-Sturmhofel, S., 2003. The role of thiamine deficiency in alcoholic brain disease. Alcohol Research Health. 27 134-142. 

Alcoholism. This addiction frequently links with secondary depletion of vitamin Bi, mainly due to insufficient intake. Alcoholic disease is a main cause of vitamin Bi deficiency worldwide. It damages the liver, pancreas, kidney, heart and brain. The most advanced form of alcoholic brain damage is Wernicke-Korsakoffs dementia, of which the main symptoms are dementia and loss of motor functions of the striatal muscles (nystagmus). 

Cholesterol is the central compound m any discussion of steroids Its name is a combination of the Greek words for bile (chole) and solid (stereos) preceding the characteristic alcohol suffix ol It is the most abundant steroid present m humans and the most important one as well because all other steroids arise from it An average adult has over 200 g of cholesterol it is found m almost all body tissues with relatively large amounts present m the brain and spinal cord and m gallstones Cholesterol is the chief constituent of the plaque that builds up on the walls of arteries m atherosclerosis... 

Provitamin D. Provitamin is made from cholesterol, and its commercial production begias with the isolation of cholesterol from one of its natural sources. Cholesterol occurs ia many animals, and is generally extracted from wool grease obtained by washing wool after it is sheared from sheep. This grease is a mixture of fatty-acid esters, which contain ca 15 wt % cholesterol. The alcohol fraction is obtained after saponification, and the cholesterol is separated, usually by complexation with 2iac chloride, followed by decomplexation and crystallisation. Cholesterol can also be extracted from the spiaal cords and brains of animals, especially catde, and from fish oils. 

Organic solvents have acute narcotic effects. Aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons seem to be especially effective. As stated, the combined effect of several organic solvents is usually considered to be additive. However, there is some evidence that the combined effect may in fact be synergistic. The symptoms caused by organic solvents, often called prenarcotic symptoms, resemble those caused by the use of alcohol. A decrease in reaction time and impairment in various psychological performances can be observed. Acute neurotoxicity can also be detected as abnormalities in the electroencephalogram (EEG i, which records the electrical activity of the brain. " ... 

Lthanol (or alcohol) is a two-carbon molecule that, in contrast to many other drugs of abuse, such as opioids, cocaine, and nicotine, does not bind to specific brain receptors. Nonetheless, alcohol affects a variety of neurotransmitter systems, including virtually all of the major systems that have been associated with psychiatric symptoms (Kranzier 1995). Alcohol affects these neurotransmitter systems indirectly by modifying the composition and functioning of... 

Ethanol distributes rapidly, with concentrations in body water 10 times higher than in body fat. The tissues with the greatest blood supply equdibrate most rapidly with arterial blood circulation. Shortly after alcohol ingestion, the ethanol concentration in the brain is higher than the venous concentration. 

The pharmacodynamic effects of ethanol are complex, and any attempt to link its actions to specific neurotransmitters or isolated brain regions is simplistic. A complicated neural network involved in the actions of ethanol accounts for its reinforcing, intoxicating, and abstinence effects. At the present time, use of medications that target neurotransmitters and neuromodulators affected by ethanol represents a reasonable strategy for the development of pharmacotherapies that reduce the reinforcing effects of alcohol and the craving and withdrawal symptoms that commonly occur in the context of alcohol dependence. 

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Edenberg HJ, Dick DM, Xuei X, et al Variations in GABRA2, encoding the alpha 2 subunit of the GABA(A) receptor, are associated with alcohol dependence and with brain oscillations. Am J Hum Genet 74 705-714, 2004... 

Ryabinin AE, Criado JR, Henriksen SJ, et al Differential sensitivity of c-Fos expression in hippocampus and other brain regions to moderate and low doses of alcohol. Mol Psychiatry 2 32 3, 1997... 

Ryabinin AE, Bachtell RK, Freeman P, et al ITF expression in mouse brain during acquisition of alcohol self-administration. Brain Res 890 192—195, 2001... 

Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Begleiter H, et al Regional brain metabolic response to lorazepam in subjects at risk for alcoholism. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 19 510-316, 1995... 

Wong DF, Maini A, Rousset OG, et al Positron emission tomography—a tool for identifying the effects of alcohol dependence on the brain. Alcohol Res Health 27 161-173,2003... 

Ball JC, Lange WR, Myers CP, et al Reducing the risk of AIDS through methadone maintenance treatment. J Health Soc Behav 29 214—226, 1988b Bare LA, Mansson E, Yang D Expression of two variants of the human mu opioid receptor mRNA in SK-N-SH cells and human brain. FEES Lett 354 213—216, 1994 Barr HL, Cohen A Abusers of alcohol and narcotics who are they Int J Addict 22 52 5— 541, 1987... 

Kleber HD, Weissman MM, Rounsaville BJ, et al Imipramine as treatment for depression in addicts. Arch Gen Psychiatry 40 649-633, 1983 Kleber HD, Riordan CE, Rounsaville BJ, et al Clonidine in outpatient detoxification from methadone maintenance. Arch Gen Psychiatry 42 391-394, 1983 Kleber HD, Topazian M, Gaspari J, et al Clonidine and naltrexone in the outpatient treatment of heroin withdrawal. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 13 1-17, 1987 Kornetsky C. Brain stimulation reward, morphine-induced stereotypy, and sensitization implications for abuse. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 27 777-786, 2004 Kosten TR, Kleber HD Buprenorphine detoxification from opioid dependence a pilot study. Life Sci 42 633-641, 1988... 

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