Alcoholism characteristics

Naphthalene, CioHs, colourless solid, m.p. 80°, insoluble in water, soluble in alcohol, characteristic odour. Anthracene, CjH4 C2H2 CjH4, m.p. 216°, white crystals when pure, with a faint blue fluorescence, but often very pale yellow crystals insoluble in water, slightly soluble in alcohol. Phenanthrene, m.p. 98°, and biphenyl, m.p. 69°, are white solids. 

The simplest alcohol is methanol, CH,OH, also called methyl alcohol in a less systematic system of naming. Methanol is also known as wood alcohol. Ethanol, CH3CH2OH, also known as ethyl alcohol or grain alcohol, is the principal constituent of intoxicating beverages. Other alcohols of importance are included in Table 21-5. Note that the systematic names of alcohols characteristically end in -ol. 

Cone. H2S04 and a few drops of alcohol—Characteristic odour of ethyl benzoate. 

The p-hydroxyphcnyl unit, derived from the tn/ns-p-cumaryl alcohol, characteristic of grasses. 

Severe neglect during infancy has been studied both in humans and in monkeys. Lasting behavioral consequences seen in lower order primates include impaired affective controls manifested by low frustration tolerance, lability and impulsive behavior, a predominance of aggressive behavior, a tendency to engage in self-mutilation behavior when under stress, and hyperingesting alcohol (characteristics closely resembling symptoms of severe personality disorder). See chapter 11. 

CH-CHOHCHsf a secondary alcohol). The C-0 stretch of primary alcohols characteristically absorbs at 1050 cm and that of secondary alcohols absorbs at 1100 cm . Since the spectrum shows a complex absorption pattern in this range, we must look for other clues. There is a weak absorption at 1640 cm . This is the characteristic absorption of the C=C stretch of terminal alkenes (RHC=CH2 or R2C=CH2). Hence the compound must be 3-buten-2-ol because it possesses a double bond whereas cyclopropylcarbinol has none. 

Albeit modest in performance, this system is interesting for two reasons. First, the catal3d ically active cluster contains direct carbon-cobalt bonds, and to achieve solubility in PEG the modification of the complex was made on the substituent of this methylidyne carbon. Second, under the given reaction conditions formation of alcohols, characteristic to cobalt-catalyzed hydroformylations, was almost completely prevented. 

Alcohols characteristically undergo specific hydrogen bonding interactions with molten crystal hydrates. The heats of solution of the crystal hydrate Mg(N03)2-6 H2O are 7 kcal/mole for butyl alcohol, 6.4 kcal/mole for propyl alcohol, 3.6 kcal/mole for acetone and 3.6 kcal/mole for ethyl acetate. The energy of the hydrogen bonds usually lies within the range of 3 - 8 kcal/mole. 

In the second group we consider interconversions of functional groups with the exchange of hetereoatoms, breaking of old and formation of new C-heteroatom bonds. Examples of these transformations are interconversion of an amide to ester, thioketone to ketone or alkylhalide to alcohol. They are related to S5mthetic reactions formation of amide from ester, thioketone from ketone or haloalkane from alcohol. Characteristic of all the above interconversions is the disconnection (imaginative process ) of the C-heteroatom bond, C-N or C-O. In the synthetic direction C-N, C-S and C-Hal bonds are formed. Therefore, such FGIs are also denoted as DIS-C-X, where X stands for heteroatom. 

Guaiacol has a very characteristic odour and burning taste its medicinal properties are identical with those of creosote. Used in the preparation of vanillin and paparvarin and for denaturing alcohol. 

They are colourless liquids with characteristic odours, and are prepared by the condensation of ketones with alkyl orthoformates in the presence of alcohols, or by the reaction of acetylenes with alcohols in presence of HgO and BF3. In some cases trichloroethanoic acid is used as the catalyst. They lose alcohol when heated and form vinyl ethers. Exchange of alcohol groups occurs when the ketals of the lower alcohols are boiled with alcohols of greater molecular weight. See acetals. 

Like bromine, iodine is soluble in organic solvents, for example chloroform, which can be used to extract it from an aqueous solution. The iodine imparts a characteristic purple colour to the organic layer this is used as a test for iodine (p. 349). NB Brown solutions are formed when iodine dissolves in ether, alcohol, and acetone. In chloroform and benzene a purple solution is formed, whilst a violet solution is produced in carbon disulphide and some hydrocarbons. These colours arise due to charge transfer (p. 60) to and from the iodine and the solvent organic molecules. 

Glycol and glycerol are odourless the other alcohols have faint odours, that of benzyl alcohol being characteristic. 

Some characteristic reactions of polyhydric alcohols are given below ... 

Iodine compounds are important in organic chemistry and very useful in medicine. Iodides, and thyroxine which contains iodine, are used internally in medicine, and as a solution of KI and iodine in alcohol is used for external wounds. Potassium iodide finds use in photography. The deep blue color with starch solution is characteristic of the free element. 

Revision Problem 1 Leaf alcohol (TM 392) is widespread in plants and has the characteristic smell of green leaves and grass. The cis isomer alone has tlfis smell and is used in perfumery. How would you make it ... 

---