Alcohols toxicity

Sinaceur, J., Ribiere, C., Sabourault, D. and Nordmann, R. (1985). Superoxide formation in liver mitochondria during ethanol intoxication possible role in alcohol toxicity. In Free Radicals in Liver Injury (eds. G. Poli, K.H. Cheeseman, M.U. Dianzani and T.F. Slater) pp. 175-177. IRL Press, Oxford. 

P. Menon, B. Thach, C. Smith, M. Landt, J. Robert, R. Hillman, and L. Hillman, Benzyl alcohol toxicity in... 

G. Little and A. Pruiu, Benzyl alcohol Toxic agent in neonatal units, Pediatrics, 72, 356 (1983). 

Menon PA, Thach BT, Smith CH, et al. Benzyl alcohol toxicity in a neonatal intensive care unit. Incidence, symptomatology, and mortality. Am J Perinatal 1984 1(4) 288-292. 

Metabolic differences also account for the great species variability in methyl alcohol toxicity with humans and nonhuman primates being uniquely sensitive. (A relatively poor ability to metabolize the methanol-metabolized formate in these species leads to increased blood formate levels and subsequent metabolic acidosis and neuronal toxicity.)... 

US EPA Rat Oral Subcbronic Toxicity Study with Propargyl Alcohol. Toxicity Research Laboratory for the Office of Solid Waste, Washington, DC, 1987... 

Pamment, N.B., Overall kinetics and mathematical modelling of ethanol inhibition in yeasts, in van Uden, N., (ed.). Alcohol toxicity in yeasts and bacteria, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 1989,1-75. 

Important in maintaining erection and treatment of sterility in men Important in reduction of alcohol toxicity effects and woimd healing... 

Acamprosate Poorly understood NMDA receptor Reduced risk of relapse in individuals with alcoholism Toxicity Gastrointestinal effects and rash... 

Disulfiram Inhibits aldehyde dehydrogenase, causes aldehyde accumulation during ethanol ingestion Deterrent to relapse in individuals with alcoholism Toxicity Little effect on its own but severe and potentially dangerous flushing, headache, nausea, vomiting, and hypotension when combined with ethanol... 

Benda GI, Hiller JL, Reynolds JW. Benzyl alcohol toxicity impact on neurologic handicaps among surviving very low birth weight infants. Pediatrics 1986 77(4) 507-5]2. 

Kaviarasan, S. and Anuradha, C.V. (2007) Fenugreek seed polyphenols protect liver from alcohol toxicity a role on hepatic detoxification system and apoptosis. Pharmazie 62, 299-304. 

Ohno Y, Jones TW, Ormstad K. 1985. Allyl alcohol toxicity in isolated renal epithelial cells Protective effects of low molecular weight thiols. Chem.-Biol Interact 52 289-299. 

Ohno Y, Ormstad, K, Ross D, et al. 1985. Mechanism of allyl alcohol toxicity and protective effects of low-molecular-weight thiols studied with isolated rat hepatocytes. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 78 169-179. 

Cohen and Collins69 have proposed that epinephrine (44) and similar compounds common in living tissue (i.e., the catecholamines) react with acetaldehyde formed in the body by oxidation of consumed ethanol to form 4-hydroxytetrahydroisoquinolines (45) [see Eq. (10)]. The latter compounds may play a role in alcohol toxicity. Given the presence of... 

An increase in the retention of sodium occurs in the early stages of severe liver disease, particularly in liver cirrhosis, without any disruption of the water balance. This early tendency towards sodium retention can be detected using the NaCl-tolerance test. The retention of sodium reduces the sodium excretion rate in the urine to < 10 mval/day (normal rate 120 to 220 mval/day). Diuresis is not primarily restricted patients with ascites and oedema react to an excessive intake of water with an adequate excretion of diluted urine, albeit in the virtual absence of sodium excretion. The limited sodium excretion derives from increased, mainly proximal tubular reabsorption of sodium and not from diminished glomerular filtration. Overall maintenance of the liver architecture is usually accompanied by undisturbed sodium excretion, despite existing portal hypertension (such as in primary biliary cirrhosis). Marked sodium retention is, however, usually found in alcoholic-toxic cirrhosis. For this reason, such patients are not only the ones most frequently affected by ascites and oedema, but as a rule they display the most serious forms. This is probably also due to additional biochemical and hormonal factors which are present to a greater degree in patients with alcohol-related liver disease. 

Exogenous toxic fatty liver cell degeneration with possible inflammatory reactions of fatty liver hepatitis. Especially, alcohol-toxic fatty liver is the most frequent false diagnosis in cases of hepatitis C. 

American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Fetus and Newborn and Committee on Drugs. Benzyl alcohol toxic agent in neonatal units. Pediatrics 1983, 72, 356-358. 

Hiller, J.L. Benda, G.I. Rahatzad, M. Alen, J.R. Culver, D.H. Carlson, C.V. Reynolds, J.W. Benzyl alcohol toxicity Impact on mortality and intraventricular hemorrhage among very low birth weight infants. Pediatrics 1986, 77, 500-506. 

Isopropyl alcohol is about twice as toxic as ethanol and should therefore not be administered orally isopropyl alcohol also has an unpleasant taste. Symptoms of isopropyl alcohol toxicity are similar to those for ethanol except that isopropyl alcohol has no initial euphoric action and gastritis and vomiting are more prominent see Alcohol. Delta osmolality may be useful as rapid screen test to identify patients at risk of complications from ingestion of isopropyl alcohol. The lethal oral dose is estimated to be about 120-250 mL although toxic symptoms may be produced by 20 mL. 

Atzori L, Dore M, and Congiu L (1989) Aspects of allyl alcohol toxicity. Drug Metabolism and Drug Interaction 7 295-319. 

Treatment of chronic alcohol toxicity involves replacement of nutritional deficiencies such as thiamine, pyridoxine, and vitamins K and C. Correction of dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, and acid-base imbalances is of paramount importance. Chronic abuse may be associated with dependence liability. 

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