Isopropyl alcohol toxicity

Isopropyl alcohol is about twice as toxic as ethanol and should therefore not be administered orally isopropyl alcohol also has an unpleasant taste. Symptoms of isopropyl alcohol toxicity are similar to those for ethanol except that isopropyl alcohol has no initial euphoric action and gastritis and vomiting are more prominent see Alcohol. Delta osmolality may be useful as rapid screen test to identify patients at risk of complications from ingestion of isopropyl alcohol. The lethal oral dose is estimated to be about 120-250 mL although toxic symptoms may be produced by 20 mL. 

Manufacturing qualifiers. Two of the entries to the section 313 chemical list contain a qualifier relating to manufacture. For isopropyl alcohol, the qualifier is "manufacturing-strong acid process. For saccharin, the qualifier simply is "manufacturing." For isopropyl alcohol, the qualifier means that only facilities which manufacture isopropyl alcohol by the strong acid process are required to report. In the case of saccharin, only manufacturers of the chemical are subject to the reporting requirements. A facility that processes or otherwise uses either chemical would not be required to report for those chemicals. In both cases, supplier notification does not apply because only manufacturers, not users, of the toxic chemical must report. 

Isopropyl alcohol (isopropanol, CH3CHOH.CH3) has slightly greater bactericidal activity than that of ethanol but is also about twice as toxic. It is less active against viruses, particularly non-enveloped viruses, and should be considered a limited-spectrum virucide. Used at concentrations of 60-70%, it is an acceptable alternative to ethanol for preoperative skin treatment and is also employed as a preservative for cosmetics. 

Among many esters, di w propyl and diisopropyl phosphoro-fluoridate were prepared by the action of phosphorus oxy-dichlorofluoride on ra-propyl and isopropyl alcohol respectively. The n-ester was less toxic and possessed only feeble myotic... 

A number of substances including ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, polybrominated biphenyls, phenobarbital, and benzo( )pyrene have been shown to synergistically affect carbon tetrachloride toxicity." Alcohol has been a concomitant factor in many of the human cases of poisoning, especially in cases in which severe liver and kidney damage have occurred. Some substances such as chlordecone greatly potentiate the toxicity of carbon tetrachloride at... 

Studies indicate that isopropyl alcohol may be substantially better absorbed by the dermal route than had previously been believed, although significant toxicity by this route would require prolonged exposure. Delayed dermal absorption rather than inhalation may account for a number of pediatric poisonings that have occurred after repeated or prolonged sponged bathing with isopropyl alcohol to reduce fever. In several cases symptoms have included respiratory distress, stupor, and coma. Recovery was complete within 36 hours. Hypersensitivity characterized by delayed eczematous reactions have occasionally been observed after dermal contact with isopropyl alcohol. ... 

When absorbed, isopropyl alcohol is oxidized in the liver at the hydroxyl moiety and converted to acetone." Occupational exposure to isopropyl alcohol can be biomonitored by means of urinalysis for acetone after exposures as low as 70ppm." The acetone metabolite may also be responsible for the enhanced toxicity of carbon tetrachloride following pretreatment of animals with isopropyl alcohol. Extra caution is in order when isopropyl alcohol is... 

Ohashi Y, Nakai Y, Ikeoka H, et al An experimental study on the respiratory toxicity of isopropyl alcohol. J Appl Toxicol 8 67-71, 1987... 

On the basis of acute animal studies, n-propyl alcohol appears to be slightly more toxic than isopropyl alcohol. No chronic effects have been reported in humans, although a human fatality has been ascribed to ingestion. Exposure to 400 ppm for 3-5 minutes will reportedly... 

Folland DS, Schaffner W, Ginn EH, et al. 1976. Carbon tetrachloride toxicity potentiated by isopropyl alcohol. J Am Med Assoc 236 1853-1856. 

There remains little more for the operator to decide. Sometimes, alternative but similar solvent mixtures that have a lower viscosity or higher solute diffusivity could be selected. For example, a n-hexane/methanol mixture might be chosen as an alternative to the more viscous n-heptane/isopropyl alcohol mixture as it has similar elution properties. However, it will be shown later, that if a fully optimized column is employed the viscosity of the mobile phase does not seem to effect the column performance as it is taken into account in the optimization procedure. The operator would, under some circumstances, be free to choose less toxic or less costly solvents for example, in reverse phase chromatography the operator could select methanol/ water solvent mixtures as opposed to acetonitrile/water mixture on the basis of lower cost or less... 

However, CO2 does not always work the best for all analytes. It is not very polar, so in cases where the extracted analyte is polar, small amounts of organic modifiers such as methanol, ethanol, or isopropyl alcohol must be added to increase the polarity of the solvent (142). Methanol is the most commonly used modifier because it is the least toxic of the polar solvents that can be used. Other modifiers are water, acetonitrile, tetrahydrofuran, and methylene chloride. The addition of a small percentage of modifier to the solvent can increase the efficiency of the extraction by 100%. Changes in polarity with small additions of... 

Ohashi, Y, Nakai, Y, Ikeoka, H., Koshimo, H., Esaki, Y, Horiguchi, S., Teramoto, K. Nakaseko, H. (1987) An experimental study on the respiratory toxicity of isopropyl alcohol. J. appl. Toxicol., 8, 67-71... 

Mynsticm [607-91-0] - [PROPYLALCOHOLS - ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL] (Vol 20) - [CARBOXYLICACIDS-SURVEY] (Vol 5) -in fats and oils [CARBOXYLIC ACIDS - ECONOMIC ASPECTS] (Vol 5) -in fats and oils [CARBOXYLIC ACIDS - MANUFACTURE] (Vol 5) -mmilk [MILKANDMILKPRODUCTS] (Vol 16) -separation coefficients for [SEPARATIONS PROCESS SYNTHESIS] (Vol 21) -food toxicant [FOOD TOXICANTS, NATURALLY OCCURRING] (Vol 11) -m nutmeg oil [OILS, ESSENTIAL] (Vol 17)... 

Antifreeze agents are also used in fuels where severe environmental conditions are encountered. For example, a mixture of methyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, TM Dry-gas, and sometimes proprietary substances are used to inhibit the formation of ice from water vapor in hydrocarbon fuels. It is added directly to the gasoline. These additives are toxic and flammable. 

ETHYL ALCOHOL C2H5OH also called grain alcohol or ethanol. This is the only type of alcohol that is safe to drink. Other alcohols like methyl alcohol and isopropyl alcohol are highly toxic and poisonous. 

Note Polar solvent soluble in water, alcohols, ethers, many hydrocarbons, and oils flammable and moderately toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and skin absorption incompatible with strong oxidizers. Synonyms dimethyl carbinol, sec-propyl alcohol, 2-propanol, isopropyl alcohol. 

Propanol, CH3CHOHCH3 Isopropyl alcohol used as rubbing alcohol and food additive irritant narcotic relatively low toxicity... 

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