Hepatic detoxification

All tissues except mature red blood cells are able to manufacture haem for use in the respiratory cytochrome proteins of the electron transport chain. However, the liver is an especially important site of haem synthesis because it (a) is a major organ of erythropoiesis in utero and (b) haem-containing cytochrome-P450 (CYP-450) enzymes play significant roles in hepatic detoxification of drugs, toxins and endogenous waste products (Section 6.4). 

Kaviarasan, S. and Anuradha, C.V. (2007) Fenugreek seed polyphenols protect liver from alcohol toxicity a role on hepatic detoxification system and apoptosis. Pharmazie 62, 299-304. 

Lip Eyelid formula is a phenol peel that I first developed to increase dermatological safety and to achieve results without any occlusion on the sensitive skin of the eyelids. The same solution was then applied to the wrinkles around the mouth and then to the whole face, but with 24 hours occlusion in these two indications. It is an oil solution of phenol at over 60%. Four different oils are used in the various stages of the product s preparation. The aim of the oily formulation is to slow down the penetration of the phenol through the skin and to improve dermal and epidermal maceration. It limits the toxicity of phenol by saturating the biochemical hepatic detoxification pathways more slowly. 

The biodistribution of CN to various systemic tissues will determine the relative proportions of CN present at detoxification and target tissue or cellular sites. For example, inhaled or percutaneously absorbed CN enters the systemic circulation and only a small proportion of the absorbed dose will be available for first-pass detoxification, particularly in the liver. In contrast, a high proportion of a p.o. dose will pass through the liver and be available for first-pass detoxification. However, hepatic detoxification processes may be complex, since it has been demonstrated that dietary variations that cause alterations in hepatic sulfurtransferase activity do not correlate with CN toxicity (Rutkowski et ah, 1985), and extensive chemical or surgical injury to the liver does not increase the susceptibility of the mouse to CN toxicity (Rutkowski et ah, 1986). The influence of route on toxicity is probably due to the relative effects of plasma transulfuration, sequestration by erythrocytes, intracellular macromolecular binding, and the differential distribution to all tissues with a detoxification capacity. 

Niacin Aids in cholesterol control and protects hepatic detoxification function. 

This reaction normally represents hepatic detoxification of cyanide ions produced from nitroprusside in erythrocytes. The SCN- is 99% less toxic than CN-. NaSCN was also still official in the NF X (1960) as an antihypertensive drug. A nitroprusside mechanism on vascular smooth muscle by interference with the role of Ca2+ in the muscle contraction process has also been suggested. 

The well known toxic effects of alcohol appear to be ameliorated by the administration of vitamin C which plays a role in hepatic detoxification mechanisms by contributing to the oxidising cytochrome P450 system. Perhaps the gin and tonic imbibers should be advised to resume the now outmoded gin and orange in order that the latter may help to counter the after effects of the former The vitamin has also been used in treating lead poisoning but carefully controlled trials showed no effect of ascorbate in reducing heavy metals in hair. 

Another important ncunrtoxic sequel of OP exposure is developmental neurotoxicity. Since OP developmental neurotoxicity in both humans (Garry, 2004) and animal models (fzrael et ai. 2004) has been reviewed, we discuss only selected case studies to illustrate the conclusion that this neurotoxic effect of OPs can also occur independent of AChE inhibition. Initial studies indicated that the developing nervous system is far more sensitive to the acute cholinergic toxicity of OPs (Bushnell ei al, 1991 Pope and Chakraborti, 1992), most likely due to age-related differences in the hepatic detoxification of the AChE-active metabolites of OPs (Atierberry et ai, 1997 Benke and Murphy, 1975 Moitensen et ai, 1996). However, subsequent studies... 

Wu CC, Sheen LY, Chen HW, Kuo WW, Tsai SJ, Lii CK. Differential effects of garlic oil and its three major organosulfur components on the hepatic detoxification system in rats. J Agric Rood Chem 2002 50 378-383. 

Factors such as these may partially influence individual susceptibilities to MBOCA-induced carcinogenicity. Other populations that may show increased sensitivity include very young children who have an immature hepatic detoxification system and individuals with impaired liver or kidney function. 

Kumari, M.V. 1992. Modulatoiy influences of mace (Myristica fragrans, Houtt.) on hepatic detoxification systems and bone marrow genotoxidty in male Swiss albino mice. Nutr. Res. 12(3) 385-394. 

Wu et al. (2002) reported that garfic oil and its components, DADS and DATS, were effective to the hepatic detoxification... 

The specific mechanisms by which individual dietary components can alter the cancer process remain poorly understood. However, mechanisms underlying the carcinogenesis process are understood sufficiently so that model systems to evaluate the ability of a specific compound to inhibit or promote processes that may prevent or delay cancer development can be predicted. Phytochemcials can act at a variety of sites relevant to the development of the cancer cells. They may inhibit carcinogen activation, induce hepatic detoxification pathways, exert antioxidant effects/metal chelation properties, enhance immune response, induce apoptosis, and alter hormonal environment. 

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