Alcohol prevalence

FAS is normally characterized by growth retardation, anomalies of the head and face, and psychomotor dysfunctions. Excessive consumption of ethyl alcohol may lead to malformations of the heart, extremities, and kidneys. Since consumption of ethyl alcohol is socially acceptable and prevalent even in pregnant women, the risks associated with the use of ethyl alcohol are remarkable. However, it should be kept in mind that there are several chemical compounds in tlie occupational environment that may also cause malformations even at low doses. The oc-cupationally-important known human teratogens include methyl mercury, ethyl alcohol, PCB compounds, tobacco smoke, lead, TCDD, 2,4,5- F, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, gasoline, and fluoride. 

A hypothesis for the oxidation of purines in the presence of this enzyme has been elaborated by Bergmann and his colleagues. It postulates that the purine, often in one of its less prevalent tautomeric forms, is adsorbed on the protein, or the riboflavin coenzyme, of the enzyme then hydration occurs under the influence of the electronic field of the enz5rme, and this must involve a group that is not sterically blocked by the enzyme but which is accessible to the electron-transport pathway of the riboflavin moiety. Finally, the secondary alcohol is assumed to be dehydrogenated in this pathway to give a doubly... 

In various contexts the idea of water molecules firmly attached to ions has been so prevalent that surprise was sometimes expressed when evidence to the contrary was found for example, We thought it probable that in alcoholic solutions containing a little water and a lot of LiCl most of the water would be firmly attached and its activity reduced almost to zero. This, however, is not the case. The activity of water in the solution containing 0.17 moles of water per thousand grams is only reduced to 25% of its original value by 4 m LiCl. 1... 

The 1992 National Longitudinal Alcohol Epidemiologic Survey (NLAES), based on interviews with a national probability household sample of nearly 43,000 adults age 18 years and older, showed the 1-year prevalence of DSM-IV alcohol use disorder to be 7.4% (i.e., 3.0% with alcohol abuse and 4.4% with alcohol dependence) (Grant et al. 1994). Findings from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC), a community-based survey of nearly 43,000 individuals conducted in 2001—2002 (Grant... 

Grant BF, Harford TC, Dawson DA, et al Prevalence of DSM-IV alcohol abuse and dependence United States, 1992. Alcohol Health and Research World 18 243— 248, 1994... 

Grant BF, Harford TC Comorbidity between DSM-IV alcohol use disorders and major depression results of a national survey. Drug Alcohol Depend 39 197-206, 1995 Grant BF, Dawson DA, Stinson FS, et al The 12-month prevalence and trends in DSM-IV alcohol abuse and dependence United States, 1991-1992 and 2001-2002. Drug Alcohol Depend 74 223-234, 2004a... 

Grant BF, Stinson FS, Dawson DA, et al Prevalence and co-occurrence of substance use disorders and independent mood and anxiety disorders results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Arch Gen Psychiatry 61 807-816, 2004b... 

Kahkonen S Alcohol withdrawal changes cardiovascular responses to propranolol challenge. Neuropsychobiology 47 192—197, 2003 Kessler RC, McGonagle KA, Zhao S, et al Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States. Arch Gen Psychiatry 51 8-19,1994... 

Ross HE, Frederick B, Glaser MD, et al The prevalence of psychiatric disorders in patients with alcohol and other drug problems. Arch Gen Psychiatry 45 1023-1031, 1988... 

Comparable findings for lifetime prevalence of psychiatric disorders were obtained in another study of 133 persons, which also found that 47% received a concurrent DSM-III diagnosis of substance abuse or dependence (Khantzian and Treece 1985). The most frequently abused substances were sedative-hypnotics (23%), alcohol (14%), and cannabis (13%). Similar rates of psychiatric disorders were found in other studies of drug abusers (Mirin et al. 1986 Woody et al. 1983). Although such diagnoses do not imply causality, and, in many cases, opioid dependence causes or exacerbates psychiatric problems, some causal link seems likely (Regier et al. 1990). 

Young S, Corley R, Stallings M, et al Substance use, abuse and dependence in adolescence prevalence, symptom profiles and correlates. Drug Alcohol Depend 68 309-322, 2002... 

Cluster headache disorders are the most uncommon and severe primary headache syndromes.9 The estimated point prevalence is less than 1%. Unlike migraine and TTH, cluster headaches occur more frequently in men. Onset commonly occurs prior to age 30.6 A genetic predisposition seems apparent, although affected individuals often provide a history of tobacco use and alcohol abuse.6 Attacks consist of debilitating, unilateral head pains that occur in series lasting up to months at a time, but that remit over months to years between occurrences. In rare instances, cluster headache can be a chronic disorder without remissions.4... 

Figure 9.4. Relative probability of being involved in a road traffic accident with rising levels of alcohol. The shaded area indicates typical legal drink-driving limits in Westernised countries (80mg/100ml in the UK and some states of the USA, whereas lOOmg/lOOml is still the most prevalent legal level elsewhere in the USA).

Chung T, Martin CS, Armstrong TD and Labouvie EW (2002). Prevalence of DSM-IY alcohol diagnoses and symptoms in adolescent community and clinical samples. Journal of American Acadamy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 41(5), 546-554. 

Verheul R, van den Brink W and Hartgers C (1995). Prevalence of personality disorders among alcoholics and drug addicts An overview. European Addiction Research, 1, 166-177. 

Based upon DSM diagnostic criteria, the lifetime prevalence of alcoholism in the adult American population is estimated to be 12%, and that of alcohol abuse,... 

Improved control was observed, however, upon addition of benzyl alcohol to the dinuclear complexes.887 X-ray crystallography revealed that whereas (296) simply binds the alcohol, (297) reacts to form a trinuclear species bearing four terminal alkoxides. The resultant cluster, (298), polymerizes rac-LA in a relatively controlled manner (Mw/Mn=1.15) up to 70% conversion thereafter GPC traces become bimodal as transesterification becomes increasingly prevalent. NMR spectroscopy demonstrates that the PLA bears BnO end-groups and the number of active sites was determined to be 2.5 0.2. When CL is initiated by (298) only 1.5 alkoxides are active and kinetic analysis suggests that the propagation mechanisms for the two monomers are different, the rate law being first order in LA, but zero order in CL. 

Cook, R.L. et al., Increased prevalence of herpes simplex virus type 2 among adolescent women with alcohol use disorders, J. Adolesc. Health, 30, 169, 2002. 

---