Alcohol meter

Paar, Austria (www.anton-paar.com) Panametrics (www.panametncs.com) Alcohol meter Sound velocity and density Pulse ultrasound instrumentation Alcohol analysis Yes Yes... 

In one type of Breathalyzer (alcohol meter), the quantity of ethanol in a sample is related to the amount of electric current produced by an ethanol-oxygen fuel cell. Use data from Table 19.1 and Appendix D to determine (a) E°en and (b) E° for the reduction of C02(g) to CH3CH20H(g). 

Steeping. Sheet, roU, or suitably milled flock pulp is metered into a pulper along with vigorously stirred 18% sodium hydroxide solution at 50°C. The resulting slurry, containing about 5% finely dispersed pulp, passes to a buffer tank from which it is metered to a slurry press that sieves out the swollen fiber and returns the pressings soda for concentration correction and reuse. The cellulose reacts with the soda as a complex alcohol to form the sodium salt or alk-ceU. 

After the SO converter has stabilized, the 6—7% SO gas stream can be further diluted with dry air, I, to provide the SO reaction gas at a prescribed concentration, ca 4 vol % for LAB sulfonation and ca 2.5% for alcohol ethoxylate sulfation. The molten sulfur is accurately measured and controlled by mass flow meters. The organic feedstock is also accurately controlled by mass flow meters and a variable speed-driven gear pump. The high velocity SO reaction gas and organic feedstock are introduced into the top of the sulfonation reactor,, in cocurrent downward flow where the reaction product and gas are separated in a cyclone separator, K, then pumped to a cooler, L, and circulated back into a quench cooling reservoir at the base of the reactor, unique to Chemithon concentric reactor systems. The gas stream from the cyclone separator, M, is sent to an electrostatic precipitator (ESP), N, which removes entrained acidic organics, and then sent to the packed tower, H, where SO2 and any SO traces are adsorbed in a dilute NaOH solution and finally vented, O. Even a 99% conversion of SO2 to SO contributes ca 500 ppm SO2 to the effluent gas. 

The proof content is determined by the use of a standardized hydrometer with a standardized thermometer. The alcohol content can also be determined by the use of an immersion refractometer, a pycnometer, or a density meter. 

In the discussion of the relative acidity of carboxylic acids in Chapter 1, the thermodynamic acidity, expressed as the acid dissociation constant, was taken as the measure of acidity. It is straightforward to determine dissociation constants of such adds in aqueous solution by measurement of the titration curve with a pH-sensitive electrode (pH meter). Determination of the acidity of carbon acids is more difficult. Because most are very weak acids, very strong bases are required to cause deprotonation. Water and alcohols are far more acidic than most hydrocarbons and are unsuitable solvents for generation of hydrocarbon anions. Any strong base will deprotonate the solvent rather than the hydrocarbon. For synthetic purposes, aprotic solvents such as ether, tetrahydrofuran (THF), and dimethoxyethane (DME) are used, but for equilibrium measurements solvents that promote dissociation of ion pairs and ion clusters are preferred. Weakly acidic solvents such as DMSO and cyclohexylamine are used in the preparation of strongly basic carbanions. The high polarity and cation-solvating ability of DMSO facilitate dissociation... 

Determination of carboxy groups. Esterification or polyesterification kinetics is usually followed by this titration which is both easy and accurate. Each sample is dissolved in a solvent or a mixture of solvents (CHCI3, QH /EtOH or MeOH, toluene/EtOH or MeOH...) and then titrated with alcoholic KOH. The end point is determined either with an indicator (in most cases phenolphthalein) or with a pH-meter. An accuracy of about 0.1-1% can generally be achieved. 

Liquid polyhydric alcohol from supply tank 11 via valved line 12 is fed through metering pump 13 in predetermined proportions via line 14 to tubular reactor 15. Simultaneously, ni-... 

We are currently checking orifices prior to each survey with the direct reading rotameter, and washing them in isopropyl alcohol afterwards. Every six months, the calibration checks are performed with the wet test meter. As long as field checks and rotameter calibration checks agree with the bi-annual wet test meter calibration results, we feel the orifices are performing accurately. 

By the care of my zealous assistant, Mr. W.C. Roberts, the hydrogen employed in these experiments was purified to the highest degree by passing it in succession through alcohol, water, caustic potash, and tubes of 0.7 meter each, filled with broken glass impregnated with nitrate of lead, sulphate of silver, and oil of vitriol. The gas was inodorous, and burned with a barely visible flame. ... 

Isopropanol (rubbing alcohol) is continuously discharged into a shallow (2 meters) pond. As a result, a bacterial species with of 0.3 hr-1, Aiisopropanol M of 100 /tM, and Pisopropanoi of 2 x 1014 cellsmol-1 has increased in numbers throughout the pond. 

We, in most cases, have used a 2-meter column of polypropylene glycol (Ucon LB-550 X) on Celite 545 at 191° C. in helium flow and have succeeded in separating the aliphatic alcohols and diols. D. F. Percival s method (18) for separating diols from saponified polyesters should be adaptable to plasticizer analysis. 

Methanol, ethanol, n- and isopropyl alcohol and allyl alcohol were determined by gas chromatography on a 3-meter column packed with 15% Hallcomid on 60-80 mesh acid-washed Chromosorb. Methane, ethane, ethylene, and propylene were also determined by gas chromatography using a 3-meter column packed with 60-80 mesh activated alumina. Products were identified by comparing their retention times with those of pure standards. 

Tradition reserves the use of the name acid for substances that transfer protons measurably to water. Thus the carboxylic acids stand out from alkynes, halides, alcohols, and simple aldehydes and ketones in giving water solutions that are acidic to indicator papers or pH meters as the result of proton transfers from the carboxyl groups ... 

When using a pH meter, it is imperative that the meter is calibrated, and that all steps were followed to calibrate the meter, i.e., temperature was set and the slope was used to calibrate to pH 4.00. Also, the temperature of the standard buffer solutions and sample must be the same. It is recommended that the sample should be diluted prior to analysis if the sample is >15% alcohol. 

The color of the solution changes because some of the orange Cr2072- is converted to the green Cr3+. The Breathalyzer measures the color change and produces a meter reading calibrated in terms of blood alcohol content. 

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