Alcohol birth defects

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is a pattern of birth defects caused by maternal consumption of ethanol during pregnancy. It is recognized by growth deficiency, a characteristic set of craniofacial features and neurodevelopmental abnormalities leading to cognitive and behavioral deficits [85]. FAS is considered to be the most common non-hereditary cause of mental retardation. 

McCarver DG, Thomasson HR, Mar-tier SS, Sokol RJ, Li T-K. Alcohol dehydrogenase 2 3 allele protects against alcohol-related birth defects among African Americans. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1997 283 1095-1101. 

NOFAS is a nonprofit organization founded in 1990 dedicated to eliminating birth defects caused by alcohol consumption during pregnancy and improving the quality of life for those individuals and families affected. ... 

All of the CNS depressants can pass through the placenta. Newborn babies with dependent mothers may be physically dependent themselves and have withdrawal symptoms that include tremors, irritability, hyperactivity, and feeding and breathing problems. There may be birth defects such as fetal alcohol syndrome, which consists of abnormal facial features, a small head, mental retardation, and poor coordination. 

A federal law requires warning labels on alcoholic beverage containers. They state that women should not drink during pregnancy due to the risk of birth defects, and that alcoholic beverages impair your ability to drive a car or operate machinery and may cause other health problems. Lower costs and the availability of a smokable version leads to a resurgence in heroin use. 

Abel, Ernest L. Fetal Alcohol Abuse Syndrome. New York Plenum Press, 1998. Describes the causes and consequences of fetal alcohol syndrome, including pregnancy-related problems (such as spontaneous abortion), birth defects, and neurological abnormalities. There is also discussion of how to diagnose the condition and how to estimate its prevalence. 

D.G. McCarver, H.R. Thomasson, S.S. Marteir, R.J. Sokol, T.-K. Li, Alcohol dehydrogenase-2, 3 Allele Protects Against Alcohol-related Birth Defects Among African Americans , J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 283, 1095-1101 (1997). 

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome. Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is a pattern of mental and physical defects that develops in some offspring when exposed to alcohol in utero. The first trimester is the most susceptible period. Some babies with alcohol-related birth defects, such as lower birth weight and body size and neurological impairments, do not have all of the classic FAS symptoms. These outcomes are often referred to as fetal alcohol effects (FAE). Currently there is not total agreement among medical scientists concerning the precise differences between FAE and FAS. In addition to growth retardation, the most common outcomes of fetal alcohol syndrome include psychomotor dysfunction and craniofacial anomalies. 

FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME A pattern of birth defects, and learning and behavioral problems affecting individuals whose mothers consumed alcohol during pregnancy. 

Another name for vitamin A is retinol, and its chemical structure contains a molecule with many unsaturated C=C bonds and also a CH2OH alcohol group. It is a fat-soluble vitamin. Large doses of vitamin A have been linked to some birth defects so many pregnant women are advised to avoid food supplements rich in vitamin A. 

ADH2 (ADH1A2) ADH1A2H ADI II A2 2 ADH1A2 3 tvmax t km Tvmax Ethanol Ethanol Ethanol T Risk of alcoholism i Risk of alcoholism i Risk of alcohol-related birth defects... 

Benzodiazepines readily pass from the mother to fetus through the placenta (117). There may be a risk of congenital malformations, particularly oral cleft, if a pregnant woman takes a benzodiazepine during the first trimester, but the data are inconsistent across drugs (alprazolam having the most clearly defined risk), and any overall effect is probably small (27,28). The risk of benzodiazepine-induced birth defects thus remains uncertain (118), despite two cases of fetal-alcohol syndrome reported after benzodiazepine exposure alone (119). 

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is a set of birth defects caused by maternal consumption of alcohol during pregnancy. FAS is considered the most common... 

Figure 10 Fetal alcohol syndrome rates in the United States, 1980-88. These rates have shown a steady increase due to increased recognition and reporting of this condition by physicians and not necessarily due to increased alcoholism among women of childbearing age. (Reproduced from Birth Defects and Infant Mortality, Infant Mortality Report Series, vol. 1, no. 2, March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation, with permission from March of Dimes.)...

Chronic ethanol exposure by ingestion of alcoholic beverages produces widespread toxicity, ranging from liver and nervous system damage to reproductive impairment and birth defects. People are not likely to be exposed orally to ethanol alone when used as a fuel additive, and systemic effects of chronic exposure to ethanol by respiratory and dermal uptake would be negligible. 

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