Albumin polymers

In the present studies, a Fourier-transform infra-red spectrometer in attenuated total reflectance mode (FT-IR-ATR) was used to characterize the albuminated polymer membrane surface. FT-IR-ATR is a powerful surface analysis technique in which a spectrum of only a few micron thick surface layer is obtained. As albumin or enzymes were attached only on the surfaces of polypropylene, FT-IR-ATR technique was ideally suited for the their analysis. 

Poznansky et al. have recently reported interesting work describing the use of albumin polymers as carriers of enzymes (for enzyme replacement therapy or as antitumour agents Enzyme-albumin polymers have been prepared using... 

Achaw, O.-W. and M.F.A. Goosen,. Affinity inicrocapsules chitosan-alginate membrane stabilitv and isolation of bovine serum albumin, Polymer Preprints, 35 (1994) 75-76. 

Anirudhan TS, Sandeep S. Synthesis and characterization of molecularly imprinted polymer of N-maleoylchitosan-grafted-2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid and its controlled delivery and recognition of bovine serum albumin. Polym Chem 2011 2 2052-2061. 

Poznansky, M.J. (1979), In Vitro and in vivo activity of soluble cross-linked uricase-albumin polymers a model for enzyme therapy. Life ScL, 24,153. 

Remy, M.H. and Poznansky, M.J. (1978), Immunogenicity of soluble cross-linked enzyme/albumin polymers advantages for enzyme therapy. Lancet, ii, 68. 

Dekker A, Beugeling T, Wind H, Post A, Bant]es A, Fei]en J and van Aken W G 1991 Deposition of oellular fibroneotin and dessorption of human serum-albumin during adhesion and spreading of human endothelial-oells on polymers J. Mater. Sol. 2 227-33... 

The bovine serum albumin molecule is known to be nearly spherical and uncharged in a solution of pH 5.37. A plot of n/c2 versus C2 for this polymer at 25°C is linear and has an intercept corresponding to M = 69,000. The slope of the line is 1.37 X 10" Torr liter g . Use this slope to estimate the radius of this spherical molecule. 

Dichromated Resists. The first compositions widely used as photoresists combine a photosensitive dichromate salt (usually ammonium dichromate) with a water-soluble polymer of biologic origin such as gelatin, egg albumin (proteins), or gum arabic (a starch). Later, synthetic polymers such as poly(vinyl alcohol) also were used (11,12). Irradiation with uv light (X in the range of 360—380 nm using, for example, a carbon arc lamp) leads to photoinitiated oxidation of the polymer and reduction of dichromate to Ct(III). The photoinduced chemistry renders exposed areas insoluble in aqueous developing solutions. The photochemical mechanism of dichromate sensitization of PVA (summarized in Fig. 3) has been studied in detail (13). 

Components/ mechanism of action Light-activated polyethylene-glycol (PEG) polymer sealant for lung tissue. Monomeric (2-octyl cyanoacrylate) formulation tissue adhesive for skin closure. Bovine albumin cross-linked with gluteraldehyde tissue adhesive/sealant. 

Recently, two examples of the separation of enantiomers using CCC have been published (Fig. 1-2). The complete enantiomeric separation of commercial d,l-kynurenine (2) with bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a chiral selector in an aqueous-aqueous polymer phase system was achieved within 3.5 h [128]. Moreover, the chiral resolution of 100 mg of an estrogen receptor partial agonist (7-DMO, 3) was performed using a sulfated (3-cyclodextrin [129, 130], while previous attempts with unsubstituted cyclodextrin were not successful [124]. The same authors described the partial resolution of a glucose-6-phosphatase inhibitor (4) with a Whelk-0 derivative as chiral selector (5) [129]. 

The qualitative thermodynamic explanation of the shielding effect produced by the bound neutral water-soluble polymers was summarized by Andrade et al. [2] who studied the interaction of blood with polyethylene oxide (PEO) attached to the surfaces of solids. According to their concept, one possible component of the passivity may be the low interfacial free energy (ysl) of water-soluble polymers and their gels. As estimated by Matsunaga and Ikada [3], it is 3.7 and 3.1 mJ/m2 for cellulose and polyvinylalcohol whereas 52.6 and 41.9 mJ/m2 for polyethylene and Nylon 11, respectively. Ikada et al. [4] also found that adsorption of serum albumin increases dramatically with the increase of interfacial free energy of the polymer contacting the protein solution. 

A unique method of formulating delivery systems based on starch/ PLA systems was studied (138). In that approach, the goal was to provide a better matrix for delivery of high molecular weight hydrophilic molecules. A hydrophilic material, starch, was combined through graft polymerization to PLA. The carbolactic polymers were then used to entrap bovine serum albumin in microspheres. 

There is a wide variety of commercially available chiral stationary phases and mobile phase additives.32 34 Preparative scale separations have been performed on the gram scale.32 Many stationary phases are based on chiral polymers such as cellulose or methacrylate, proteins such as human serum albumin or acid glycoprotein, Pirkle-type phases (often based on amino acids), or cyclodextrins. A typical application of a Pirkle phase column was the use of a N-(3,5-dinitrobenzyl)-a-amino phosphonate to synthesize several functionalized chiral stationary phases to separate enantiomers of... 

Proteins may be covalently attached to the latex particle by a reaction of the chloromethyl group with a-amino groups of lysine residues. We studied this process (17) using bovine serum albumin as a model protein - the reaction is of considerable interest because latex-bound antigens or antibodies may be used for highly sensitive immunoassays. The temperature dependence of the rate of protein attachment to the latex particle was unusually small - this rate increased only by 27% when the temperature was raised from 25°C to 35°C. This suggests that non-covalent protein adsorption on the polymer is rate determining. On the other hand. the rate of chloride release increases in this temperature interval by a factor of 17 and while the protein is bound to the latex particle by only 2 bonds at 25°C, 22 bonds are formed at 35°C. 

Preparation of nanoparticles can be by a variety of different ways. The most important and frequently used is emulsion polymerization others include interfacial polymerization, solvent evaporation, and desolvation of natural proteins. The materials used to prepare nanoparticles are also numerous, but most commonly they are polymers such as poly-alklcyanoacrylate, polymethylmethacrylate, poly-butylcyanoacrylate, or are albumin or gelatin. Distribution patterns of the particles in the body can vary depending on their size, composition, and surface charge [83-85]. In particular, nanoparticles of polycyanoacrylate have been found to accumulate in certain tumors [86,87]. 

E. Tomlinson and J. J. Burger, Monolithic albumin particles as drug carriers, in Polymers in Controlled Drug Delivery (L. Ilium and S. S. Davis, eds.), Wright, Bristol, 1987, p. 25. 

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