Polymer-Electrolyte aqueous phase

As seen in Figure 7.6 (a-d), the interconnections in coalescence pores are different compared with those of the primary pores. In order to have primary pore structure in the presence of additives/fillers, the concentration of the additives must be low. The example below illustrates one such case. In this example, the aqueous phase contains 0.5 wt.% hydroxyapatite dissolved in 15% phosphoric acid solution. After emulsification and polymerization, PHP is soaked in 1 M NaOH to precipitate hydroxyapatite and subsequently washed in water to obtain pH = 7. These materials are then washed in isopropanol to remove residual surfactant, toxic monomer residues, and electrolytes. Polymer samples were finally dried in a vacuum oven and then sterilized in an autoclave before use as support in micro-bioreactors or tissue culture studies. 

In general, the properties of a biosystem and a synthetic polymer as well as the nature of the biological medium dictate the degree and type of interaction between a biostructure and a polymer. The biocompatibility of synthetic polymers depends on their chemical nature, physical state, and macroscopic form, which can be modified by functionalization of the polymer skeleton. Many biopolymers, such as proteins and nucleic acids, are natural poly electrolytes. Similarly, the outer cell membrane of living cells has charged groups. The biological medium is an electrolyte with an aqueous phase. Therefore, electrostatic... 

In order to investigate the mdecular microstructure of a latex polymer one should realize that at least three locations of polymer have to be distinguished in a latex system the aqueous phase or serum of the latex, the surface of the latex particles and the latex particles themselves. Besides the polymer, the latex also contains other conqxMients such as electrolytes and oligomers. 

Water was born to conduct protons (see Special Issue Is life possible without water [67]). The conductance of distilled water is miserable due to a negligible concentration of free protons (10 mol/liter), but the proton mobility in water is approximately five times higher than the mobility of an alkali cation (e.g. Na" ), an object of similar size as the hydronium (HaO ) ion [68]. So, donated protons can run fast through the aqueous phase. Excess protons result from dissociation of acidic molecules or molecular groups, e.g. in solutions of strong acids, hydrated polymer-electrolytes, or proteins. In acidic solutions both the protons and counter-anions are mobile. In polymer-electrolyte membranes and in proteins only protons are mobile in the connected aqueous phase while the counter anions are mostly a part of an immobile skeleton. 

In this section, PVA was blended with polyepichlorohydrin (PECH) in DMSO solution to prepare the PVA/PECH blend polymer membrane. The blend membrane was immersed in 6 M KOH aqueous solution to form the alkaline PVA/PECH SPE. It was improved in chemical, mechanical, and electrochemical properties [37]. The optimal blend ratio of PVA PECH was foimd to be 1 0.2. This polymer blend formed a imiform and homogeneous film. High PECH content, such as PVA PECH (1 1), resulted in phase separation morphology. The solid-state Zn/air batteries with PVA/PECH blend polymer electrolytes have been assembled and the test results are listed in Table 2. 

This process is based on the separation of a water-soluble solvent from aqueous solution through the salting-out effect. Initially, polymer and drug are dissolved in a solvent such as acetone and then the polymer solution is emulsified into an aqueous solution containing electrolytes (such as magnesium chloride, calcium chloride and magnesium acetate), non-electrolytes (such as sucrose), and a colloidal stabilizer such as poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) or hydroxyethylcellulose. Finally, the oil/water emulsion is diluted with a sufficient volume of water to enhance the diffusion of acetone into the aqueous phase by inducing the formation of nanospheres. Both the... 

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