Agro-industry chemicals

Am POLLUTION FROM AGRO-INDUSTRY CHEMICALS Mixed Fertilizer Plants... 

The attractiveness of specific product categories, as discussed in the previous section, by and large defines the attractiveness of target markets as well. Besides its absolute size, the pharmaceuticals market comes first, because of its inherent elevated added value, the relatively high innovation rate, which leads to a steady demand for new products and for a manageable number of customers. The attributes for the agro fine chemicals market are similar, albeit less pronounced, specialty chemicals, in contrast, are needed by almost all industries and, therefore, virtually cannot be approached proactively. Also, the innovation rate in terms of new chemical entities is generally rather low, except in the electronic industry. 

It is estimated (Starks et al., 1994) that PTC is used in as many as 500 eommercial processes, with sales of produets manufactured by processes consisting of at least one major PTC step being at least 10 bilhon a year, with wide ranging applications in the pharmaceuticals, agro-based chemicals, and polymer industries. 

Agro-industrial residues are renewable, costless, and widespread sources of chemicals. In recent years, there has been an increasing trend towards more efficient utilization of agro-industrial residues such as sugarcane bagasse, cereal straws, com cob, brewer s spent grain, etc. Advances in industrial biotechnology offer actually potential opportunities for economic utilization of... 

Bioengineering the development and metabolism of glandular tissues will have to take into account the commercial applications, the price of the chemicals to be produced, the agro-industrial production techniques and the genetic, regulatory and metabolic susceptibility for manipulation, as well as the potential of plant metabolism to achieve the desir ed increased energy and synthetic load. 

Starch and its derivatives have proven to be very versatile materials for several different applieations in many sectors. With relatively simple earbohydrate chemistry it has been possible to have access to earbohydrates with superior functionalities. There is still considerable potential to generate innovative solutions based on starch but this requires a better understanding of the starch chemistry and a strong cooperation between the agro-industry and the chemical... 

Green fibres like flax, jute, sisal, kenaf and fibres of allied plants, which have been used for more than 8000 years, are the present and will be the future raw materials not only for the textile industry but also for modern eco-friendly composites used in different areas of application like building materials, particle boards, insulation boards, food, fodder and nourishment, friendly cosmetics, medicine and source for other bio-polymers agro-fine chemicals and energy . Potentially, under optimum cultivation conditions, they cause little or no detrimental effect on the ecosystem, they can grow in different climatic zones and they recycle the carbon dioxide in the Earth s atmosphere. 

Very recently, lactones have received increasing attention as potential renewable platform chemicals. Perhaps the most prominent bio-based hydroxy fatty acids lactic acid, whose cyclic ester of two lactate molecules serves precursor for the synthesis of bio-based polymers. Fermentative production of hydroxyl-carboxylic acids from agro-industrial waste is an alternative to the synthesis from dwindling fossil resources (Fiichtenbusch et al. 2000). The enzymatic machinery for the production of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) in bacteria offers catalytic pathways for the production of these lactone precursors (Efe et al. 2008). Recent examples include the microbial synthesis of y-butyrolactone and y-valerolactone. Particularly y-valerolactone is of importance and ranks among the top key components of the biomass-based economy. Microbial processes thus offer the perspective of a sustainable fermentative production of optically pure renewable lactones. 

Wiedner, K., Rumpel, C., Steiner, C., Pozzi, A., Maas, R., Glaser, B., 2013. Chemical evaluation of chars produced by thermochemical conversion (gasification, pyrolysis and hydrothermal carbonization) of agro-industrial biomass on a commerdal scale. Biomass and Bioenergy 59, 264-278. http //dx.doi.Org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2013.08.026. 

R F Handmade Paints Inc., 245 R.S.A. Coi"poration, 246 RAG Group AG, 165 RAIMONT , phosphoric acid, 114 Raisio Chemicals Ltd., 156 Rajsliree Agro Chem, 174 Rallis hidia Ltd., 175 RAMROD , propachlor, 114 RANEY , catalysts, 114 RAPICHLENE , methylene chloride, 114 Rasa Industries Ltd., 187 Raschig GmbH, 165... 

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