Agriculture ammonia

Because of the nature of the industry, agricultural ammonia consumption is cycHc. During the Spring fertiliser season, about 75% of the dedicated production is sold. 

AgriculturalMnhydrousMmmonia Operator s Manual, Agricultural Ammonia Institute, Mar. 1966. 

Dragosits U, Sutton MA, Place CJ, Bayley AA (1998) Modelling the spatial distribution of agricultural ammonia emissions in the UK. Environ Pollut 102 195-203... 

In contrast to SCC of carbon and low-alloy steels in chloride, sulfide, and sulfuric acid environments by hydrogen-embrittlement mechanisms, cracking in several environments is attributed to passive-film cracking and/or active-corrosion-path anodic-dissolution penetration mechanisms (Ref 124). These environments include nitrates, hydroxides, ammonia, carbon-dioxide/carbonate solutions, and aqueous car-bon-monoxide/carbon-dioxide. Nitrate-bearing solutions are encountered in coal distillation and fertilizer plants hydroxide solutions in the production of NaOH and in crevices of steam boilers and ammonia cracking has occurred in tanks and distribution systems for agricultural ammonia applications. 

Hester, J. B. 1962. Ammoniacal Trace Element Solution for Agriculture, Agricultural Ammonia News, May-June, pp. 8-9. 

Chloroacetate esters are usually made by removing water from a mixture of chloroacetic acid and the corresponding alcohol. Reaction of alcohol with chloroacetyl chloride is an anhydrous process which Hberates HCl. Chloroacetic acid will react with olefins in the presence of a catalyst to yield chloroacetate esters. Dichloroacetic and trichloroacetic acid esters are also known. These esters are usehil in synthesis. They are more reactive than the parent acids. Ethyl chloroacetate can be converted to sodium fluoroacetate by reaction with potassium fluoride (see Fluorine compounds, organic). Both methyl and ethyl chloroacetate are used as agricultural and pharmaceutical intermediates, specialty solvents, flavors, and fragrances. Methyl chloroacetate and P ionone undergo a Dar2ens reaction to form an intermediate in the synthesis of Vitamin A. Reaction of methyl chloroacetate with ammonia produces chloroacetamide [79-07-2] C2H ClNO (53). 

Uses. Butyrolactone is principally consumed by the manufacturers by reaction with methylamine or ammonia to produce A/-meth5d-2-pyrrohdinone [872-50-4] and 2-pyrrohdinone [616-45-5] C H NO, respectively. Considerable amounts are used as a solvent for agricultural chemicals and polymers, in dyeing and printing, and as an intermediate for various chemical syntheses. 

The mature Haber-Bosch technology is unlikely to change substantiaHy in the foreseeable future. The centers for commercial ammonia production may, however, relocate to sites where large quantities of natural gas are flared from cmde oil production, eg, Saudi Arabia or Venezuela. Relocation would not offset the problems for agriculture of high transportation and storage costs for ammonia production and distribution. Whereas the development of improved lower temperature and pressure catalysts is feasible, none is on the horizon as of this writing. 

Isopropa.nola.mines. Reaction of propylene oxide with ammonia yields mono-, di-, and triisopropanolamines. These products find use as soluble oils and solvents, emulsifiers, waterless hand cleaners, cosmetics, cleaners, and detergents. In industrial apphcations isopropanolamines are used in adhesives, agricultural products, corrosion inhibitors, coatings, epoxy resins, metalworking, and others (51). 

Quantities of Ammonia Emitted from Agricultural Sources... 

V. R. Phillips, Ammonia Emission Inventory for Agriculture in the UK. Final Report, CSA2141/OC9117, Institute of Grassland and Environmental Research, North Wyke, Okehampton, UK, 1995. 

Many malodorous compoimds are not only nuisance, but also a health threat under prolonged exposure [1]. Ammonia (NH3) is emitted from landfill and sewage treatment plant and associated with many agricultural activities (e.g. poultry and piggery). Ammonia is also a problem in public toilets, hospitals and nursing homes. Selective eatalytie oxidation (SCO) can convert NH3 to N2 at mild temperature (i.e. 473-673 K) as shown in equation 1, however nitrous oxides (N2O) and nitrogen oxides (NOj) are often produced cf. Eqn. 2 3). 

Three factors favored construction of ammonia pipelines. First, over 50% of this country s agricultural nitrogen is used in the Midwest and between 40 and 65% of this total is applied directly to the soil as anhydrous ammonia. Second, the low price of natural gas needed for the production of ammonia favored a Gulf Coast plant site or one near a large gas field. Third, much of the Midwest is inaccessible to cheap barge transportation. 

Zaman M, Blennerhassett JD. Effects of the different rates of urease and nitrification inhibitors on gaseous emissions of ammonia and nitrous oxide, nitrate leaching and pasture production from urine patches in an intensive grazed pasture system. Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment. 2010 136 236-246. 

Thorman RE, Harrison R, Cooke SD, Chadwick DR, Burston M, Balsdon SL. Nitrous oxide emissions from slurry- and straw-based systems for cattle and pigs in relation to emissions of ammonia. In McTaggart I and Gairns L (eds.), Proceedings of SAC/ SEPA Conference on Agriculture, Waste and the Environment. Edinburgh (UK), 26-28 March 2002. pp. 26-32. 

Groenestein CM, Van Fassen HG. Volatilisation of ammonia, nitrous oxide and nitric oxide in deep-litter systems for fattening pigs. Journal of Agricultural Engineering and Research. 1996 65 269-274. 

Amon B, Kryvoruchko V, Amon T, Zechmeister-Boltenstem S. Methane, nitrous oxide and ammonia emissions during storage and after application of dairy cattle slurry and influence of slurry treatment. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment. 

Groot Koerkamp P.W.G., Speelman L. and Metz J.H.M. (1998). Litter composition and ammonia emission in aviary houses for laying hens. Part 1 Performance of a litter drying system . Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, 70, 375-382. 

Industrially, ammonia has been produced from dinitrogen and dihydrogen by the Haber-Bosch process, which operates at very high temperatures and pressures, and utilizes a promoted iron catalyst. Millions of tons of ammonia are generated annually for incorporation into agricultural fertilizers and other important commercial products. The overall reaction is exergonic, as indicated in equation 6.1 ... 

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