Agricultural forestry

Chugoku National Agricultural Experiment Station, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Fukuyama, Hiroshima 721 Japan... 

In 1947, the Japanese government promulgated the Pesticide Registration Law (PRL) administered by the Japanese Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry [now Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF)]. At that time, the purpose of this law was to control the quality of end-use pesticide products since there were many poor-quality and fake products in the market in the 1940s. 

These observations relating to the use of economic poisons have been made through the work of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. FAO is an autonomous body of 58 nations concerned with all phases of food, agriculture, forestry, and fisheries throughout the world. It was conceived because, in peace or war, the majority of the world s peoples are not amply fed and on the premise that food is basic to human well-being and world peace. 

LESSON 6. THE WIDESPREAD USE OF PESTICIDES IS PRIMARILY DETERMINED NOT BY AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY, THE FISHING INDUSTRY, OR MEDICINE, BUT BY THE INTERESTS OF THE CHEMICAL COMPANIES THAT PRODUCE THEM. 

Phenoxyacids (PA) have been widely used as herbicides in agriculture, forestry, and, to a lesser extent, garden activities. The principal products are represented by 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) 2,4,5-T (2,4,5-trichlo-rophenoxyacetic acid) and MCPA (4-chloro, 2-methylphenoxyacetic acid) (Stevens and Sumner, 1991). 2,4,5-T has been banned in many countries for a long time because of contamination of the commercial formulations of 2,4,5-T by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin. At present, dioxin contamination of these formulations has been reduced to very low concentrations. 

The main application fields of pyrethrins are limited to indoor use because of their instability to heat, light, and oxygen. Since the absolute configuration of the six insecticidal components of pyrethrins were elucidated in 1958, various researches on structural modifications have been carried out actively in many countries for more than half a century, leading to the development of a variety of photostable pyrethroids. As a result, they have been widely put into outdoor use for agriculture, forestry, animal health, termite control, and so on. 

JMAFF Japanese Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishery JPMA Japanese Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association... 

The authors are grateful to Suntory Institute for Bioorganic Research for undertaking spectral measurements. This investigation was supported by grants from the Ministry of Education, Culture and Science, the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Japan, NIH CA 24487 (JC) and the New York State Sea Grant. 

Government Industrial Research Institute, 11 Industrial Products Research Institute, 205,274,382 Institute of Chemical Fibres, 245 Kyoto University, 11,488 Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries, 334 Neste Oy Research Centre, 219 Polymeric Materials and Interfaces... 

The Austrian Federal Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, Environment and Water Management (BMLFUW) commissioned various studies, showing that almost 4000 Austrian companies would basically qualify for the application of Chemical Leasing models, cutting today s annual use of 150,000 tons of chemicals by one third. On average, the user of such new business models can expect cost savings of approximately 15%. 

As a further activity the Austrian Federal Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, Environment and Water Management (BMLFUW) in co-operation with the OECD organised an international conference in Vienna in November 2003, which was called "Experiences and Perspectives of Service-oriented Strategies in the Chemicals Industry and Related Areas". The conference was attended by around 100 participants from 16 countries. The conference gave an excellent overview about international approaches how to introduce service elements into the chemical business. The participants comprised representatives from authorities, the chemical industry, in particular down stream users, process engineers and economists along with representatives from academia. 

The macro-trend towards sustainable environmental protection and social responsibility, also on a legislative level, offers ChemKitgood prospects for a steady business success. However, in the first years the business model depends strongly on subsidies from the Austrian Federal Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, Environment and Water Management (BMLFUW). Any unforeseen short-term loss of these subsidies would have an extremely detrimental effect on the revenue situation of ChemKit. 

Dr. Thomas Jakl, Austrian Federal Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, Environment and Water Management (BMLFUW), 2005. 

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