Advanced glycation endproducts

Several markers for the Maillard reaction have been described in the literature. For example, the product initially formed between glucose and lysine is partly transformed into furosine (Heyns et ah, 1968) on acid hydrolysis. Conversely, the fluorescent amino acid pentosidine (Sell and Monnier, 1989) is an advanced glycation endproduct (AGE) and may form covalent bonds between proteins (cross-linking). Furthermore, the Maillard reaction leads to an increase in characteristic fluorescence (excitation 370 nm, emission 440 nm) (Monnier et ah, 1984 Pongor et ah, 1984). 

Ahmed N (2005) Advanced glycation endproducts - role in pathology of diabetic complications. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 67 3-21... 

Jung SH, Lee JM, Lee HJ, Kim CY, Lee EH, Urn BH. (2007) Aldose reductase and advanced glycation endproducts inhibitory effect of Phyllostachys nigra. Biol Pharm Bull 30 1569-1572. 

Yamabe N, Kang KS, Park CH, Tanaka T, Yokozawa T. (2009) 7-0-galloyl-D-sedoheptulose is a novel therapeutic agent against oxidative stress and advanced glycation endproducts in the diabetic kidney. Biol Pharm Bull 2il 657-664. 

Ahmed, N. and Thornalley, P. J. (2007). Advanced glycation endproducts What is their relevance to diabetic complications Diabetes Obes. Metab. 9, 233-246. 

Franke, S., Siggelkow, H., Wolf, G., and Hein, G. (2007). Advanced glycation endproducts unfluence the mRNA expression of RAGE, RANKL and various osteoblastic genes in human osteoblasts. Arch. Physiol. Biochem. 113,154—161. 

Stern, D., et al. 2002. Receptor for advanced glycation endproducts A multiligand receptor magnifying cell stress in diverse pathologic settings. Adv Drug Del Rev 54 1615. 

Du Yan S, Zhu H, Fu J, Yan SF, Roher A, Tourtellotte WW, Rajavashisth T, Chen X, Godman GC, Stern D, Schmidt AM. 1997. Amyloid-beta peptide-receptor for advanced glycation endproduct interaction elicits neuronal expression of macrophage-colony stimulating factor a proinflammatory pathway in Alzheimer disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94(10) 5296—5301. 

Lue LF, Walker DG, Brachova L, Beach TG, Rogers J, Schmidt AM, Stem DM, Yan SD. 2001. Involvement of microglial receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE) in Alzheimer s disease identification of a cellular activation mechanism. Exp Neurol 171(1) 29 15. 

Ahmed, N., Argirov, O.K., Minhas, H.S., Cordeiro, C.A., and Thomalley, P.J. 2002. Assay of advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) surveying AGEs by chromatographic assay with derivatization by 6-aminoquinolyl-N-hydroxysuccinimidyl-carbamate and application to Nepsilon-carboxymethyl-lysine- and Nepsilon-(l-carboxyethyl)lysine-modified albumin. Biochem J 364 1-14. 

Shinohara, M., Thornalley, P.J., Giardino, I., Beisswenger, P., Thorpe, S.R., Onorato, J., and Brownlee, M. 1998. Overexpression of glyoxalase-I in bovine endothelial cells inhibits intracellular advanced glycation endproduct formation and prevents hyperglycemia-induced increases in macromolecular endocytosis. J Clin Invest 101 1142-1147. 

Wang, X., Desai, K., Juurlink, B.H., de Champlain, J., and Wu, L. 2006. Gender-related differences in advanced glycation endproducts, oxidative stress markers and nitric oxide synthases in rats. Kidney Int 69 281-287. 

H. Satoh, M. Togo, M. Hara, T. Miyata, K. Han, H. Maekawa, N. Ohno, Y. Hashimoto, K. Kurokawa, and T. Watanabe, Advanced glycation endproducts stimulate mitogen-activated protein kinase and proliferation in rabbit vascular smooth muscle cells, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm., 1997, 239, 111-115. 

M. E. Westwood and P. J. Thomalley, Glycation and advanced glycation endproducts, in The Glycation Hypothesis of Atherosclerosis, C. A. L. S. Colaco (ed), Landes Bioscience/ Springer, Austin, TX, 1997, 57-87. 

T. Osawa, T. Oya, H. Kumon, Y. Morimitsu, H. Kobayashi, M. Akiba, and N. Kakimoto, A novel type of advanced glycation endproduct found in diabetic rats, in F, 1998, 434. 

Y. Izuhara, T. Miyata, Y. Ueda, and K. Kurokawa, Accumulation of carbonyls accelerates the formation of two advanced glycation endproducts Carbonyl stress in uremia, in G, 2002, 381-382. 

J. Liggins, N. Rodda, V. Bumage, J. Iley, and A. Furth, Effect of low concentrations of aminoguanidine on formation of advanced glycation endproducts in vitro, in F, 1998,424. 

M. Asif, J. Egan, S. Vasan, G. N. Jyothirmayi, M. R. Masurekar, S. Lopez, C. Williams, R. L. Torres, D. Wagle, P. Ulrich, A. Cerami, M. Brines, and T. J. Regan, An advanced glycation endproduct cross-link breaker can reverse age-related increases in myocardial stiffness, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2000, 97, 2809-2813. 

Chou SM, Wang HS, Taniguchi A, Bucala R (1998) Advanced glycation endproducts in neurofilament conglomeration of motoneurons in familial and sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Mol Med 4 324-332... 

Matsumoto, K. et al., Insulin enhances macrophage scavenger receptor-mediated endocytotic uptake of advanced glycation endproducts, J. Biol. Chem. 273,8630-8637,1998). There is some interest in receptor-mediated endocytosis for drug delivery (Selbo, P.K., Hogset, A., Prasmickaite, L., and Berg, K Photochemical internalization a novel dmg delivery system. Tumour Biol. 23, 102-112, 2002). 

Derived from oxidative modification of triose phosphate during glucose metabolism model for glycation of proteins reacts with amino groups in proteins and nucleic acids involved in advanced glycation endproducts. 

---