Adult toads

Experimentally produced zinc deficiency in toad (Bufo arenarum) embryos resulted in adults with abnormal ovarian development, altered meiotic and ovulation processes, and embryos with a high incidence of congenital malformations (Herkovits et al. 1989). 

Southern toad, Bufo terrestris adults whole body ... 

Addo Elephant National Park (AENP), elephant population at, compared to free-ranging population at Ndarakwai Ranch, Tanzania, 82-88 Adrenaline, from cane toad skin secretion, 412 Adult odour preferences in rodents, role of early olfactory learning in development of, 251-258... 

Hepatotoxic activity. Ethanol (95%) extract of the dried resin, administered intraperitoneally to toads at a dose of 10 mg/ day for 14 days, was active. The results were significant atp < 0.01 leveP h Histamine release stimulation. Water extract of the seed, administered intrader-mally to human adults, was active on human basophils k... 

Ambystoma maculatum wood frog, Rana sylvatica American toad, Bufo americanus Zebnafish, Brachydanio rerio exposed for 6 months from embryos to adults 0.002 mg/L >9.2 mg/L... 

Metamorphosis has also been extensively studied in amphibians, a class of vertebrates which includes frogs, toads, and salamanders. Amphibian means dual (amphi ) life form (-bian) and refers to the typical life history of these animals, in which an aquatic larva metamorphoses into a terrestrial adult. The reptiles, such as turtles, lizards, and snakes, is another class of vertebrates whose species superficially resemble adult amphibians, but do not undergo metamorphosis. 

For reasons unknown, livers of some adult giant toads (Bufo rmrinm) normally contain grossly elevated concentrations of copper (>2000.0mg/kg DW). Tbe toads livers are undamaged by this level of copper, and this lack of effect is in sharp contrast to human patients with Wilson s disease (2000.0 mfg Cu/kg DW liver) wherein hepatocyte degeneration, necrosis, and ultimately cirrhosis result. In toad livers, the copper is sequestered in lyso-somes, which seems to protect the cell from the toxic effects of copper. In contrast, copper in liver of humans with Wilson s disease is diffusely distributed in the cytoplasm of hepa-tocytes and is associated with severe and often fatal pathological changes. 

In vitro studies with abdominal skin of Rana pipiens demonstrated that naphthalene inhibited sodium transport after exposure to 4.4mg/L for 30 min. Some data were available on biological effects of benzo[a]pyrene, 3-methylcholanthrene, and perylene to reptiles and amphibians. Implantation of 1.5 mg of benzo[a]pyrene crystals into the abdominal cavity of adult South African clawed toads (Xenopus laevis) produced lymphosarcomas in 11 of the 13 toads (85%) ter 86-288 days. Immature toads were more resistant with only 45% bearing lymphoid tumors of liver, kidney, spleen, or abdominal muscle 272-310 days after implantation of 1.5 mg of benzo[a]pyrene crystals in the dorsal lymph sac or abdominal cavity. Implantation of 3-methylcholanthrene crystals into X. laevis provokes development of lymphoid tumors similar to those occurring naturally in this species moreover, these... 

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