American toad

American toad, Bufo americanus tadpoles held in lead-enriched waters (0, 500, 750, or 1000 pg Pb/L) for 144 h then given choice of lead-containing solutions (0, 500, 750, or 1000 pg/L) in fluvorium No deaths. Toads did not prefer or avoid lead-containing solutions 48... 

American toad, Bufo americanus 690 Predicted no effect on survival of late-stage larvae after exposure for 30 days 26... 

Ambystoma maculatum wood frog, Rana sylvatica American toad, Bufo americanus Zebnafish, Brachydanio rerio exposed for 6 months from embryos to adults 0.002 mg/L >9.2 mg/L... 

HEPATICS Influence the liver, causing an increased flow of bile.—Chicory, Mandrake (American), Toad Flax, Woodruff. 

Hall RJ and S wineford D, Uptake of methoxychlor from food and water by the American toad (Bufo americanus), Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 23, 335, 1979. 

American toad, Bufo americanus, 68, 188 Bufo arenarum, 81,541, 848, 861 Bufo spp., 68, 81, 122, 173, 178, 188, 264, 541,551,717, 848, 861,874 Giant toad, Bufo marinus, 178 Narrow-mouthed toad, Gastrophryne carolinensis, 31, 569, 879 Southern toad, Bufo terrestris, 264... 

Forester, D. C., and Thompson, K. J., 1998, Gauntlet behavior as a male sexual tactic in the American toad (Amphibia Bufonidae), Behaviour 135 99-119. 

Pancak, M. K., and Taylor, D. H., 1983, Seasonal and daily plasma corticosterone rhythms in American toads, Bufo americanus, Gen. Comp. Endocrin. 50 490-497. 

Gallie, J. A., Mumme, R. L., and Wissinger, S. A., 2001, Experience has no effect on the development of chemosensory recognition of predators by tadpoles of the American toad, Bufo americanus, Herpetologica, 57 376-383. 

Skelly, D., and Werner, E., 1990, Behavioral and life-historical responses of larval American toads to an odo-... 

Heinen, J. T. 1995. Predator cues and prey responses A test using eastern garter snakes Thamnophis s. sirtalis) and American toads Bufo a. americanus). Copeia, 1995, 738-741. 

American toad (Bufo americanus) tadpoles associate preferentially with their siblings when groups are placed in laboratory pools (Waldman and Adler, 1979 Waldman, 1981). Laboratory-reared larvae, when released in natural ponds, form schools consisting predominantly of siblings (Waldman, 1982b). 

Beiswenger, R. E., 1975, Structure and function in aggregations of tadpoles of the American toad, Bufo americanus, Herpetologica, 31 222. Blaustein, A. R., and O Hara, R. K., 1981, Genetic control for sibling recognition Nature, 290 246. 

Waldman, B., 1986, Preference for unfamiliar siblings over familiar nonsiblings in American toad (Bufo americanus) tadpoles, Anim. Behav., 34 48. 

Orientation via chemical cues may be more important in some species than in others. For example, Oldham (1966, 1967) studied homing and orientation in American toads Bufo americanus) and green frogs Rana clamitans). Oldham (1966) partially destroyed the olfactory tracts of 99 American toads and used 99 intact toads treated as operational controls. An additional 112 toads were left untreated. The toads were then transported to a point of land between two pools. About the same frequencies of returns occurred to the pools. Oldham concluded that olfaction was not necessary for orientation and homing in American toads. However, since only a portion of the olfactory system was destroyed, it is possible that olfaction was still involved in homing and orientation. 

Dawson, J.T. 1982. Kin recognition and schooling in the American toad (Bufo americanus). Ph.D. thesis. State University of New York at Albany. 

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