Adhesion to steel

Standard Test Method for Adhesion Between Steel Tire Cords and Rubber. Steel cords are vulcanised into a block of mbber and the force necessary to pull the cords linearly out of the mbber is measured as adhesive force. ASTM method D2229-93a can be used for evaluating mbber compound performance with respect to adhesion to steel cord. The property measured by this test method indicates whether the adhesion of the steel cord to the mbber is greater than the cohesion of the mbber, ie, complete mbber coverage of the steel cord or less than the cohesion of mbber (lack of mbber coverage). 

A range of acetoacetylated lesins has been intioduced (68,69). The acetoacetoxy functionahty can be cioss-linked with melamine—formaldehyde resins, isocyanates, polyacrylates, and polyamines. There is particular interest for possible corrosion protection on steel because the acetoacetoxy group can form coordination compounds (qv) with iron, perhaps enhancing the adhesion to steel surfaces (see Chelating agents). 

Fowkes and co-workers also clearly demonstrated that the physical Interaction of polymers with neighboring molecules was determined by only two kinds of interactions London dispersion forces and Lewis acid-base interactions (21) Calculations based on this concept were shown to correct many of the problems inherent in the solubility approach. They were also able to use the concept to study the distribution of molar heats of absorption of various polymers onto ferric oxides, and thereby more accurately described the requirements for adequate adhesion to steel substrates (21) In the symposium on which this book is based, Fowkes summarized work showing that the polar Interactions between polymers and metal surfaces that are... 

Loss of Adhesion When Wet. Many coatings, particularly those applied to a roughened surface, show excellent tensile adhesion to steel but lose this adhesion after exposure to pure water at room or elevated temperatures. A thin film of water at the interface is apparently responsible for the loss of adhesion. If the coating is allowed to dry without destructively testing the adhesion, the dried coating often exhibits the original tensile adhesion. The phenomenon is... 

ETFE resins in the powder and bead form are rotationally molded into varied structures, such as pump bodies, tanks, and fittings and linings, mostly for the chemical process industries. Inserts can be incorporated to provide attachment points or reinforcement.41 Adhesion to steel, copper, and aluminum can be up to 3 kN/m (5.7 pli) peel force.44... 

In the process of vulcanisation in air Elastosils form rubberlike materials and have good adhesion to steel, copper, aluminum, wood, ceramics, concrete, polymethylmetaciylate, glass and other materials. Consequently, they do not require the use of any special sublayer. Optimal physicochemical properties of Elastosils are achieved after 5-7 days of solidification at 60-75% humidity in air. The main properties of glue sealants Elastosil are given in Table 24. 

De Nicola, A. J., and Bell, J. P., Synthesis and Testing of p-Diketone Coupling Agents for Improved Durability of Epoxy Adhesion to Steel, in Adhesion Aspects of Polymeric Coatings, K. L. Mittal, ed., Plenum Press, New York, 1983, p. 443. 

In the carbon black industry we talk about carbon blacks in relations to adhesion to steel belts, better abrasion resistance, different traction, changed hysteresis requirements, different flexural properties, different extrusion rates and properties, hardness, and on ad infinitum, and all in new rubber compounds with different synergistic effects or loss of synergism as the case may be with changes in ingredients. Carbon black has traditionally been manufactured by those skilled in the "art", so as soon as a product is defined it can fairly quickly be matched. But, how is the first major product change to be made, and for what specific objectives ... 

The influence of parameters such as crosslinking agent aluminium acetylacetonate content, introduction time of monomers, amount of reactor charge, distribution of N-vinyl caprolactam (VC), diverse crosslinkers, viscosity and molar mass of the synthesised pressure-sensitive adhesives (PSA) and solvent balance and transfer agent kind and content on such important parameters of PS A as shrinkage, plasticity, adhesion to steel and deformation are examined. Synthesised pressure-sensitive adhesives based on acrylic polymers and containing 2-ethylhexyl acrylate (2-EHA), methyl acrylate (MA), acrylic acid (AA) and VC are used for production of self-adhesives containing PVC carrier. 4 refs. 

Polysulphide sealants in general have good adhesion to steel, aluminium and glass, usually without a primer for porous substrates such as wood and masonry it is recommended to use a primer. 

Epoxy-polysulphide coatings exhibit excellent adhesion to steel, aluminium and concrete without the use of primers (Morton International,... 

Hot asphalt applications had been used for many years in concrete tanks, inner lined with brick for similar service, and also, of course, unlined wood tanks made from timber, and small pickling tanks made by hollowing out cavities in granite blocks. But the use of hot asphalt as a liner for steel tanks had been unsatisfactory due to the erratic cold flow of the asphalt which demonstrated selective adhesion to steel and so would tear and open cracks in the membrane system in the areas of cold flow below the points where it adhered. To overcome this difficulty, a number of inventive persons experimented with the manufacture of asphalt sheet lining materials, similar in form to the sheets of natural rubber, in which the asphalt was compounded with various admixtures, including rubber. These asphaltic compound sheets were then warmed sufficiently to make... 

Direct enameling has to combine the functions of ground coat and cover coat enamels, i.e. provide adhesion to steel and the properties for the particular application. 

Use Fibers, composites, adhesives (high adhesion to steel, titanium, beryllium, and aluminum alloys), coatings, ablative materials. 

The durability and solvent resistance of nitrocellulose-urethane finishes have prompted studies of these coatings for metal substrates. Excellent adhesion to steel and aluminum has been demonstrated. Pigmented systems dry rapidly and have high initial gloss and scratch resistance. 

Polyfunctional Chelating Agents for Improved Durability of Epoxy Adhesion to Steel... 

Fig. 10. The increasing of HOPE adhesion to steel-3 under action of Ni(2+) polyacrylates.

Features Hydroxy-functional crosslinkable with polyisocyanates high gloss exc. mech. props., adhesion to steel and noniron metals (Al, Zn) Properties Hazen < 200 color dilutable with toluene, xylene, acetone, MEK, MIBK, methoxypropyl acetate, ethyl acetate, butyl acetate dens. = 1.0 g/cm (20 C) dynamic vise. 1100-2500 mPa s hyd. no. 40-50 flash pt. 28 C 58-62% NV... 

Features Good storage stability rapid touch-drying behavior good adhesion to steel and nonferrous metals good mech. props, of cured paint films good water resist. 

Now let us consider the effect on the adhesion strength of surface-active substances at the houndaiy between the adhesive and the metal. Figure 2.22 presents the dependence of the adhesive-to-steel adhesion strength on the difference between the interphase tension of the solid adhesive-mercury stem and the adhesive sinface tension. Because it is impossible to measure the adhesion strength at the boimdaiy with mercury, it was determined at the bormdary between the adhesive and steel. The interphase tension will surely differ here from that at the bormdary with mercmy, although this is only a quantitative difference and the quahtative relationship will be maintained. 

A polyanrline-poly(butyl acrylate-vinyl acetate) composite exhibiting electroactivity and having a conductivity of 2.2 S/cm was prepared by emulsion polymerization. The composite was soluble in common organic solvents and a stable water-based dispersion could also be prepared. Films cast from aqueous media had exceptional mechanical properties and had excellent adhesion to steel [144]. From the same group, a polyaniline and polyvinyl alcohol electroactive composite has been synthesized by... 

Schematic representations of the typical response of cold-cure epoxies are depicted in Fig. 4.6. Naturally the relative importance of specific adhesive property data depends upon the application and the envisaged loading and environmental conditions that the real joint will be subjected to. Many analysts(32-34) advise that the strength of the adhesive equilibrated with the worst-case environment is the key to effective design. This implies laboratory tests conducted at high temperatures on specimens pre-equilibrated with high levels of water vapour or liquid water. For the application of adhesives to steel bridges in the USA. Albrecht era/.(34) selected a test environment of 49 °C and 90% r.h.

Albrecht, P. et al. Application of Adhesives to Steel Bridges, Report No. FHWA/RD-84/073, Federal Highway Administration, McLean, Va., USA, 1984. 

Chelating Agents for Improved Durability of Epoxy Adhesion to Steel," Org. Coatings and Appl. Polym. Sci. Proceedings, 489 (1982). 

In laminating or coating, a preformed solid film of plastic is bonded with glue or adhesive directly onto the material to be laminated. Composite films of cellulose and poly(ethylene), for example, are produced in this way. In these composite films, the cellulose protects from foreign odors and the poly(ethylene) assures water-tightness. Composite films of poly(isobutylene) and poly(ethylene) are used in the construction of chemical apparatus made of steel. Poly(ethylene) takes care of the protection against corrosion, and poly(isobutylene), with adhesives, the adhesion to steel. Steel sheet laminated with PVC can be processed as normal, but is noncorrosive in the absence of any further treatment. Metal aircraft parts are often coated with films of poly(tetrafluoroethylene). Poly(tetrafluoroethylene) is difficult to wet, and this decreases the tendency to ice over. 

ADHESION TO STEEL TREATED TO GIVE A BLADE-UKE SURFACE OXIDE (8)... 

---