Adhesion and biofilm formation

Verstrepen KJ, Klis FM, Flocculation, adhesion and biofilm formation in yeasts, Mol Microbiol 60 5-15, 2006. 

Cheng G, Zhang Z, Chen SF et al. (2007) Inhibition of bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation on zwitterionic surfaces. Biomaterials 28 4192-4199... 

Capsular and extracellular polysaccharides are involved in several aspects of cellular behavior that are tied to bacterial survival and virulence [321]. The capsule layer provides a physical barrier that prevents the bacteria from drying out, aiding in survival outside a host. CPS are also involved in colonization and biofilm formation. In some bacteria CPS promote adherence to surfaces, aiding colonization and biofilm formation, while CPS in other bacteria inhibit adhesion and biofilm formation [344]. 

Mack D, Bartscht K, Dobinsky S, Horstkotte MA, Kiel K, Knobloch JKM, Schafer P (2000) Staphylococcal factors involved in adhesion and biofilm formation on biomaterials. In An YH, Friedman RJ (eds.) Handbook for studying bacterial adhesion principles, methods, and applications. Humana Press, Totowa, N J, chap 20, p 307... 

Monitoring microbial adhesion and biofilm formation by attenuated total... 

CgsA subunit E. col i Surface adhesion and biofilm formation Curli Chapman et al. 2002 Gebbink et til. 2005... 

Overall, it appears that the effects of electric fields on detachment, adhesion, and biofilm formation on electrodes are a result from electric current exchanged rather than the electric potential applied (Fig. 18.1b). 

The modification of polymers and fibrous surfaces to alter the porosity, wettability and other characteristics of polymeric substrates, will enable the prodnction of implants and biomedical devices which exhibit greater resistance to microbial adhesion and biofilm formation. A nnmber of polymers have been developed that can be incorporated into cellulose and other materials, which will provide significant advances in many fields snch as food packaging, textiles, wound dressings, coating of catheter tnbes and sterile surfaces. 

Recently, new classes of synthetic and natural polymers such as zwitterionic polymers [215-221], peptoids [222], carbohydrate and glycerol derivatives [223-225], and poly-L-lysine-graft-dextran [226] have anerged as candidate materials for the development of non-PEG protein-resistant surfaces. For example, Jiang and coworkers danonstrated that zwitterionic materials such as poly(sulfobetaine methacrylate) were not only highly resistant to nonspecific protein adsorption [227-230] but also able to significantly decrease bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation [231]. 

B.L. Blainey and K.C. Marshall. The use of block copolymers to inhibit bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation on hydrophobic surfaces in marine habitat. Biofouling 4 309-318 (1990). 

In the introductory part of this chapter, it is mentioned that in various systems and applications, bioadhesion is an unwanted phenomenon. Different strategies may be taken to prevent or suppress (microbial) cell adhesion and biofilm formation. Coating the surface with antimicrobial agents such as silver nanoparticles may have some effect. However, the hazard of release of such toxic particles in the body, product, or enviromnent puts severe restrictions on their use. Furthermore, prophylactic supply of antibiotics to treat biomaterials associated infections is in most cases highly unsuccessful, because in biofilms bacteria tend to be resistant against antibiotics. 

Because of the significant impact of biomaterial-indnced infections and the loss of efficacy of antibiotic-based conventional therapies, it is imperative that new strategies against bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation on biomaterial snrfaces are found. Antibacterial or anti-infection polynrethane biomaterials have been rapidly developed, similar to the most current infection-resistant biomaterial technologies, and their potential in... 

Xn L-C, Siedlecki CA. Submicron-textuied biomaterial surface reduces staphylococcal bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation. Acta Biomater 2012 8 72-81. http //dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. actbio.2011.08.009. 

Plasma-Deposited Membranes for Controlled Release of Antibiotic to Prevent Bacterial Adhesion and Biofilm Formation. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, Vol. 50, No. 2, (February 2000), pp. (160-170), ISSN1552-4%5 Hirst, A.R., Escuder, B., Mravet, J.F. Smith, D.K (2008). High-Tech Applications of Self-Assembling Supramolecular Nanostructured Gel-Phase Materials From... 

Factors that favor adhesion and biofilm formation include ... 

Nutrients. The amount of dissolved nutrients in the concentration polarization layer on the membrane can directly affect the tenancy for adhesion and biofilm formation. 

Bacterial association with surfaces results in formation of a biofilm, in a process called microfouling [41, 46]. Virtually, all surfaces can act as substrates for bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation. Therefore, the possibility of surficial degradation of the polymeric... 

Murzyn, A., Krasowska, A., Stefanowicz, P., Dziadkowiec, D. Lukaszewicz, M. (2010). Capric acid secreted by S. boulardii inhibits C. albicans filamentous growth, adhesion and biofilm formation. Plos One., 5(8), 1-7. 

It is clear from the above studies that low EET efficiency between the bacteria and the anode often limits the practical applications of MFCs and another critical challenge is to overcome the low bacterial loading capacities. Note that graphene is hydrophobic and in order to try and improve bacteria adhesion and biofilm formation the decoration of graphene surfaces with hydrophilic conducting polymers (such as the use of polyaniline (PANI)) has been attempted [120]. 

Velez, M.P., Petrova, M.I., Lebeer, S., et al. (2010) Characterization of MabA, a modulator of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG adhesion and biofilm formation. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 59, 386-398. 

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