Additives petroleum-based

Sulfonates for Lube Additives. Most petroleum sulfonates used as lube additives are based on calcium or magnesium salts. These salts can be produced by direct neutralization of the sulfonic acid with Ca(OH)2 or Mg(OH)2, or by use of a metathesis process involving the sodium salt ... 

Currently, nearly all domestic pitches are obtained from either coal tar or petroleum precursors [5] The pitch products, whether petroleum-based or coal-tar based, arc prized by the ancillary industnes that are dependent upon them but such pilches arc, nevertheless, considered to be derived from byproduct materials. In addition, besides being derived from byproducts, the yield of pitch typically amounts to no more than 5 wt% based on the initial quantity of coal or crude feedstock [6]. 

Coal-tar pitch is particularly valuable to anode and electrode manufacturers The mam function is to plasticize coke gnst so that formed bodies can be extmded or molded without distortion during the later stages of processing Additionally, the pitch should give a high-carbon yield and not adversely affect the overall properties of the finished article. Although coal-tar pitch remains the bmder of choice, petroleum-based binders can perform satisfactorily for the aluminum industry [18]. 

In the United States, the leading use of alternative fuels is not as standalone fuels, but as additives to petroleum-based gasoline and diesel fuel. For example, gasoline sold m much of the United States is 10 percent ethanol or 10 percent methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE). 

Table 3-3 contains information regarding the chemical identity of principal components of hydraulic fluids. Trade names are included when the component constitutes 100% (or nearly 100%) of the product. Information has also been included for several representative types of mineral oil. It should be noted, however, that the term "mineral oil" encompasses a wide variety of petroleum-based products. Several phosphate esters used as hydraulic fluid additives are also included in Table 3-3. 

The coal-water mixture fed to the boilers has to be formulated to a certain specification. This is done with the proper inclusion of additives to facilitate combustion. The recommended additives include a petroleum-based surfactant (polysulfones or polycar-boxylates), a stabilizing (e.g. xanthan gum), a biocide and an anti-foaming agent (such as a silicone base). 

In addition, the amount of total petroleum hydrocarbons is the measurable parameter of petroleum-based hydrocarbon in an enviromnental medium, whether it is air, water, or land. It is thus dependent on analysis of the medium in which it is found, and since it is a measured, gross quantity without identification of its constituents, the total petroleum hydrocarbons data still represent a mixture. Thus, the data derived from measmement of the petroleum hydrocarbons in a particular enviromnent is not a direct indicator of risk to humans or to the environment. 

A variety of natural and synthetic materials are used throughout fuel and lubricant systems. Examples include transfer lines, hoses, fan blades, impellers, small gears, housings, and a host of supporting framework. Some plastics can be degraded by fuels, lubricants, additives, and various petroleum-based compounds. The most resistant material is polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). Ryton and Viton are less resistant, but are still quite stable in fuel and lubricant systems. Characteristics of PTFE and Ryton are shown below ... 

Carbon black Finely divided carbon made by incomplete combustion or decomposition of natural gas or petroleum-based oils in different types of equipment. According to the process and raw material used, it can be furnace (e.g., HAF), thermal (e.g., MT), or channel carbon black (e.g., EPC), each having different characteristics, such as particle size, structure, and morphology. The addition of different types of carbon blacks to rubber compounds results in different processing behavior and vulcanizate properties. 

Because of the brevity of this paper, it is possible to outline only the more important developments. Hundreds of petroleum-base lubricants are available, each of which is suitable for one or more applications. Most of these lubricants contain additives to modify or improve their properties. Pure iron is rarely satisfactory for fabrication of structures and machines. Its performance is improved by regulation of the amount of carbon present, and by addition of carefully controlled amounts of other metals such as manganese, chromium, and nickel. Similarly, striking improvements in the performance of lubricants are obtained by addition of modifying chemicals in proportions of less than 0.001 to 25% or more. At present there appears to be little promise of improving the performance of lubricants through development of new methods of refining. It seems probable that the development of additives will be the major effort for some years. 

EPA) to aid in registering chemicals under the federal Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) of 1976. CAS numbers are assigned to generic refinery process streams, such as kerosene and lube base stocks, that contain no additives. Petroleum products containing additives are termed "mixtures" by the TSCA and, as such, do not have CAS numbers. All chemical substances used in such mixtures are assigned CAS numbers and must be listed with the EPA by the refiner or the additive supplier. 

Cellulase is a collection of enzymes that together can hydrolyze cellulose to glucose, a key step in the low-cost conversion of biomass to ethanol. Such a process would be useful for three reasons. First, in large scale it could contribute to the substitution of the renewable fuel ethanol for petroleum-based gasoline. Second, it is known that the addition of 5% ethanol to... 

These full synthetics have been all PAO or ester based, and a mixture of ester plus PAO. The addition of PAO or ester to petroleum based engine oils for improved oxidative stability has shown average quality results. The addition of lower levels of PAO or ester base stock <15 wt % to petroleum based formulations show little or no improvement in the thermo-oxidative engine test. The predominant automotive synthetic base stocks (PAO, diesters, polyol esters) do not show any hydrolytic instability in engine oil applications. 

---