Additives antistatic agents

Mixed mono- and dialkyl are used as catalysts for resin curing and as intermediates for fire retardants, oil additives, antistatic agents (qv), and extraction solvents. An equimolar mixture of mono- and dialkyl acid phosphates are formed at a 1 6 mole ratio of oxide to alcohol. 

Polyamine sulfone n. A water-soluble copolymer of diallylamine monomer and sulfur dioxide, used as a paint additive, antistatic agent, synthetic-fiber modifier, and polishing agent for metal platings. 

With all basic additives (antistatic agents, HAS, dihy-drotalcites, etc.) significant gas fading can be observed, which can be explained either by a color shift in the alkaline environment [113] or by the oxidation of the phenolic antioxidants catalyzed by alkalies [114]. 

Film or sheet generally function as supports for other materials, as barriers or covers such as packaging, as insulation, or as materials of constmction. The uses depend on the unique combination of properties of the specific resins or plastic materials chosen. When multilayer films or sheets are made, the product properties can be varied to meet almost any need. Further modification of properties can be achieved by use of such additives or modifiers as plasticizers (qv), antistatic agents (qv), fire retardants, sHp agents, uv and thermal stabilizers, dyes (qv) or pigments (qv), and biodegradable activators. 

Liquid Fabric Softeners. The principal functions of fabric softeners are to minimize the problem of static electricity and to keep fabrics soft (see Antistatic agents). In these laundry additives, the fragrance must reinforce the sense of softness that is the desired result of their use. Most fabric softeners have a pH of about 3.5, which limits the materials that can be used in the fragrances. For example, acetals cannot be used because they break down and cause malodor problems in addition, there is the likelihood of discoloration from Schiff bases, oakmoss extracts, and some specialty chemicals. Testing of fragrance materials in product bases should take place under accelerated aging conditions (eg, 40°C in plastic bottles) to check for odor stabiUty and discoloration. 

Antistats such as polyoxyethylenes (151,152) and A/-alkyl polycarbonamide (153) are added to nylon to reduce static charge and improve moisture transport and soil release in fabrics. These additives also alter the luster of fiber spun from bright polymer. Static reduction in carpets is achieved primarily by the use of fibers modified with conductive carbon black (see Antistatic agents Carbon, carbon black). 

Antistatic polystyrenes have been developed in terms of additives or coatings to minimise primarily dust collecting problems in storage (see Antistatic agents). Large Hsts of commercial antistatic additives have been pubhshed (41). For styrene-based polymers, alkyl and/or aryl amines, amides, quaternary ammonium compounds, anionics, etc, are all used. 

Further variation in properties is obtained by incorporating such additives as antistatic agents, ultraviolet stabilisers and antioxidants. 

Sodium isethionate is an amphoteric detergent used in detergent bar soaps. It makes a dense lather in addition to the lather made by the soap. It is nondrying and mild on the skin. It works equally well in soft or hard water. It is also an antistatic agent in shampoos. 

Alkanesulfonates are widely used as an internal antistatic agent for poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC). Since alkanesulfonates cause hazing of unplasticized PVC in the normally used quantities of 1.0 to 1.5 parts per hundred parts resin (phr), its main use is in the manufacture of opaque PVC-calendered film. To produce transparent unplasticized articles, the addition of alkanesulfonates should not exceed 0.3 phr. Figure 40 shows the antistatic effect of alkanesulfonates in PVC. 

Alkanesulfonates are an important internal antistatic agent for polystyrene (PS) as well. If it is not possible to apply the pure active surfactant with the intended processing machine, the use of a master batch of alkanesulfonates and an appropriate polystyrene product is recommended. The addition of alkanesulfonates in amounts greater than 0.3 phr can cause hazing also in transparent PS articles. The antistatic effect of alkanesulfonates in PS is demonstrated in Fig. 41. 

Adhesion promoters Antifogging agents Antistatic agents Antiwear additives Coupbng agents... 

Hinman et al. [492] have compared SFE and ASE in the extraction of antioxidants from LDPE. Comparable extraction yields were obtained with both techniques. However, sample clean-up was necessary after ASE , while with SFE the extract could be analysed directly without any post-extraction clean-up. Supercritical fluid extraction of 15 polymer additives (AOs, UVAs, process lubricants, flame retardants and antistatic agents) from eight PS formulations was compared to dissolu-tion/precipitation extractions [557], Additive recoveries were comparable. Numerous additional comparisons can be found under the specific headings of the extraction techniques (Sections 3.3 and 3.4). 

David et al. [184] have shown that cool on-column injection and the use of deactivated thermally stable columns in CGC-FID and CGC-F1D-MS for quantitative determination of additives (antistatics, antifogging agents, UV and light stabilisers, antioxidants, etc.) in mixtures prevents thermal degradation of high-MW compounds. Perkins et al. [101] have reported development of an analysis method for 100 ppm polymer additives in a 500 p,L SEC fraction in DCM by means of at-column GC (total elution time 27 min repeatability 3-7 %). Requirements for the method were (i) on-line (ii) use of whole fraction (LVI) and (iii) determination of high-MW compounds (1200 Da) at low concentrations. Difficult matrix introduction (DMI) and selective extraction can be used for GC analysis of silicone oil contamination in paints and other complex analytical problems. 

Applications Conventional TLC was the most successful separation technique in the 1960s and early 1970s for identification of components in plastics. Amos [409] has published a comprehensive review on the use of TLC for various additive types (antioxidants, stabilisers, plasticisers, curing agents, antistatic agents, peroxides) in polymers and rubber vulcanisates (1973 status). More recently, Freitag [429] has reviewed TLC applications in additive analysis. TLC has been extensively applied to the determination of additives in polymer extracts [444,445]. 

Especially in recent years, there has been a tendency to develop stabilisers with higher-MW (>2000 Da) to prevent loss under severe conditions of application. Polymeric additives for polymers, including impact modifiers, flexibilisers, antistatic agents, and processing aids, have been reviewed [54]. 

Saturated hydrocarbons (waxes), fatty acids, metal soaps, fatty acid amides and esters (primarily Cig-Cis) act as internal lubricants, fluoro elastomers as external lubricants. Many other polymer additives, e.g. antistatic agents, antifogs, antioxidants, UV stabilisers, etc., act as lubricants in the barrel of the extruder once they are in the liquid form. 

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