Additives, 423 Amines

The bismaleimide can then be polymerized by reaction with additional amine to form polyaininobismaleknide or by radiation-induced homopolymerization to form polybismaleimide (4). 

The product forms in 80% yield and is distillable. However, no additional amine is necessary for the following reaction (162), where is 1 or 2 ... 

Chloro-7-nitroquinoxaline (103, Q = Cl, R = H) gave a separable mixture of 6-nitro-3-piperidinoquinoxaline [103, Q = N(CH2)2, R = H] (product of amino-lysis) and 6-nitro-2,3-dipiperidinoquinoxaline [103, Q = R = N(CH2)s] (product of an additional amination) [excess HN(CH2)5, Et20, 20°C, <4h the amination product was least in an inert atmosphere and most in an oxygen atmosphere, inferrring an addition-oxidation mechanism]. 

The proposed reaction mechanism involves intermolecular nucleophilic addition of the amido ligand to the olefin to produce a zwitterionic intermediate, followed by proton transfer to form a new copper amido complex. Reaction with additional amine (presnmably via coordination to Cn) yields the hydroamination prodnct and regenerates the original copper catalyst (Scheme 2.15). In addition to the NHC complexes 94 and 95, copper amido complexes with the chelating diphosphine l,2-bis-(di-tert-bntylphosphino)-ethane also catalyse the reaction [81, 82]. 

A series of technetium(I) J -diketonates have been prepared by refluxing 32 in the corresponding neat / -diketone. Due to the instability of the CO ligands trans to a ff-donor ligand, one of the COs can be substituted by an additional amine (L), forming compounds of the composition [Tc(OaO)(CO)3L] (61) [74,75],... 

Figure 8. Formation of active oxygen as a function of irradiation time during photolysis (k = 313 nm) of +00+ (2 mol/L) in 2,4-dimethylpentane in the presence of 0>. Additives amine 11 and nitroxide 1...

Fuel octane number, 72 392, 395 Fuel oil, as a petroleum product, 78 669 Fuel oil additives amine oxides, 2 473 fatty amines, 2 534 Fuel properties, of ethers, 70 574 Fuel sources, chemical industry, 70 136 Fuel spills, hydrazine, 73 588 Fuels production, hydrocracking for, 76 842-844 Fuel sulfur, 70 54... 

One of the major difficulties in Forlani s proposal of the molecular complex substrate-catalyst mechanism, to explain the fourth-order kinetics, is the assumption that this complex needs an additional molecule of amine to decompose to products. The formation of molecular complexes between dinitrohalobenzenes and certain amines (especially aromatic amines) has been widely studied, and their involvement in SwAr reaction has been discussed in Section II.E. The equilibrium constants for the formation of those complexes were calculated in several cases, and they were included in the kinetic expressions when pertinent. But in all cases, the complex was assumed to be in the reaction pathway, and no need of an additional amine molecule was invoked by the several authors who studied those reactions. 

Fig. 10 Synthesis of imidazolines or benzimidazoles by condensation of an additional amine with the carboxylic acid-derived carbonyl...

Among these amines, iso-propylamine was the most suitable for this process, because it was released from 7 during the C-C bond-forming reaction as a byproduct and was able to be reused for the CIDT without adding any additional amine. In fact, vacuum concentration of the C-C bond-forming reaction mixture left a catalytic amount of iso-propylamine in the residue, and the residual isopropylamine effectively catalyzed CIDT without the addition of further amine to afford threo-8 in 89% yield with >99% dr. The level of residual iso-propylamine was... 

In addition, amines 7 (R1 = H) have been produced from other 2-sub-stituted 3-cyanopyridines (6 X = S03H, SMe) in good or moderate yield.18... 

Keywords Michael addition, Amine, Phase transfer catalyst, Phenoxide, Crown ether,... 

As mentioned above for the preparation of thioamides, the reaction of di-thioesters with amines is generally rapid and efficient. Kinetics have shown [153] that this reaction involves two molecules of amine and consists of the following events nucleophilic addition, amine assisted prototropy and decomposition of the neutral tetrahedral intermediate. This study was undertaken with a view to polythioamide synthesis. 

If the compound is a,/3-unsaturated, remember to consider the jS-carbon as the electrophile, resulting in 1,4-addition (conjugate addition). Amines, HCN, and lithium diorganocuprate nucleophiles result in 1,4-addition products. 

For synthesis of one lead polymer, poly(5-amino-1 -pcntanol-co-1,4-butancdiol diacrylate) (referred to as C32), 5-amino-l-pentanol (Aldrich) and 1,4-butanediol diacrylate (Scientific Polymer Products, Inc.) are required. Additional amine and diacrylate monomers can be purchased and used following the same protocol to create structurally diverse polymers that are useful for gene delivery. These monomers can be purchased from Aldrich (Milwaukee, WI, USA), Scientific Polymer Products, Inc. (Ontario, NY, USA), TCI (Portland, OR, USA), Pfaltz Bauer (Waterbury, CT, USA), Matrix Scientific (Columbia, SC, USA), and Dajac Monomer-Polymer (Feasterville, PA, USA). 

Several additional amine syntheses are effectively limited to making primary amines. The reduction of azides and nitro compounds and the Gabriel synthesis leave the carbon chain unchanged. Formation and reduction of a nitrile adds one carbon atom. Show how these amine syntheses can be used for the following conversions. 

In a subsequent investigation by the author [2] four additional amines, (III)-(VI), were prepared and used to prepared polyimides for coating apphca-tions. 

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