Activity Against Bacteria and Fungi

The activity of lichen substances and lichens against bacteria and fungi is summarized in Table 15. 

Whiton and Lawrey found that ascospore germination of the lichens Cladonia cristatella 724), Graphis scripta and Caloplaca citrina 725) was much reduced in the presence of lichen substances. Spore germination of Cladonia cristatella and Caloplaca citrina was inhibited by vulpinic acid, evernic acid and atranorin respectively stictic acid showed no activity. 

Erythroglaucin Arthrobacter citreus. Bacillus brevis, B. subtilis, Streptomyces viridochromogenes (12) 

Evernic acid Staphylococcus aureus. Bacillus subtilis, B. megaterium (49i) 

Leprapinic acid derivatives Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria (601) 

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Antimicrobial peptides have also been postulated to play a central role in the plant innate immune response to microbial infection and include the thionins, the defensins, and the cyclotides. It has been demonstrated that physiological concentrations of the thionins are active against bacteria and fungi in vitro and the heterologous expression of thionins in a transgenic plant model confer protection against bacterial challenge. ... 

A number of unusual cyclic polysulfides showing antibiotic activity against bacteria and fungi have been isolated from the red alga Chondria aalifomica ( ) and from the mushroom Lentinue edodes ( ). Both 34 (1,2,4,6-tetrathiepane) and 35 (1,2,3,5,6-pentathiepane or lenthionine) have been isolated from both sources, while 1,2,3,4,5,6 -hexathiepane, 36, was obtained from the mushroom and 27 (1,2,4-trithiolane), 2 (1,2,4-trithiolane 4-oxide),... 

Many antimicrobial products that were formerly used with textiles are now strictly regulated because of their toxicity and potential for environmental damage. Products such as copper naphthenate, copper-8-quinolinate, and numerous organo mercury compounds fall into this category. Other materials that still have limited use in specialised areas include tributyl tin oxide (deleted in many countries. Fig. 15.1a), dichlorophene (Fig. 15.1b) and 3-iodopropynylbutyl carbamate (Fig. 15.1c). These products typically show a very broad spectrum of activity against bacteria and fungi, but suffer from application and durability problems. 

Acids (organic) benzoic acid, parabens, sorbic acid Active against bacteria and fungi Highly pH dependent Oral and topical formulations gums and syrups... 

Pumiacidins A, B, C, D, E, F and G (Fig. 5) were isolated by Naruse et al. in 1990 from Bacillus pumilus. Pumilacidins show no inhibitory activity against bacteria and fungi at l,000ng/ml by paper-disk assay. These compormds inhibit herpes virus typel and K -ATPase, and demonstrate anti-ulcer activity in rats ... 

In 1970, geldanamycin was isolated as a crystalline antimicrobial compound from culture filtrates of the soil bacterium Strep, hygroscopicus (var. geldanus nova) by De Boer and co-workers at the Upjohn Company. It was shown to possess moderate activity against bacteria and fungi (2-100 pg/mL) and potent activity against KB and leukemia L1210 tumor cells (<0.002 pg/mL). Shortly thereafter, Rinehart... 

Nueleoeidin a purine antibiotic synthesized by Streptomyces catvus (see Nucleoside antibiotics), M, 392, [a][,-33 3°. N. is active against bacteria and fungi, and it is used therapeutically against trypanosomes. It inhibits protein synthesis. 

More than a half of mint oil production falls on peppermint oil and it is the most important because of its exceptional properties. Wide spectrum of therapeutic properties of this oil includes antibacterial and antifungal activities. Biological activity of mint oils is due to the content of their main constituent (IR, 3R, 4S)-(-)-menthol. Mint oils have shown high or middle activity against bacteria and fungi when compared with other essential oils. Peppermint oil was assessed more frequently than Japanese mint oil, that usually was tested as a raw but not dementhohzed oil. 

The oil has antimicrobial activities against bacteria and fungi, as well as mosquitocidal... 

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